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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How did Melville describe whaling?
(a) As a symbol of society.
(b) As an industrial enterprise.
(c) As a spiritual calling.
(d) As an art.

2. How would you describe Marx's book 'The Machine in the Garden'?
(a) Scientific.
(b) Political.
(c) Academic.
(d) Prophetic.

3. Who does Marx say will *not* contribute to reversing the trend toward urbanization and industrialization?
(a) Farmers.
(b) Urban planners.
(c) Activists.
(d) Artists.

4. What type of society was America (in the time of Marx's writing)?
(a) Suburban.
(b) Non-agrarian.
(c) Urban.
(d) Rural.

5. What does modern man hope for, in spite of industrialism?
(a) Reform for pollution.
(b) Greater and greater resource use.
(c) Limits on pollution.
(d) Cooperation with nature.

6. What structures does Marx use as examples of how modern man mistreats nature?
(a) Roads and parking lots.
(b) Bridges and tunnels.
(c) Hospitals and nursing homes.
(d) Golf courses and cemeteries.

7. What was Daniel Webster's take on industrialism?
(a) He lamented the changing structure of society.
(b) He embraced the new power.
(c) He loathed the railroad.
(d) He used it to his profit.

8. How does Marx say most American writers described industrial expansion?
(a) As a torment.
(b) As a crime.
(c) As a form of art.
(d) As a force of nature.

9. What did Emerson originally propose in his philosophy?
(a) Immersion in literature.
(b) Immersion in science.
(c) Immersion in society.
(d) Immersion in nature.

10. How did Emerson describe the relationship between the east and the west?
(a) The east's factories were a given, but they were balanced by the agrarian west.
(b) The east was producing literature, the west was producing science.
(c) The east's industry was destroying everything as it moved west.
(d) The east was bringing civilization to the wild west.

11. What defines complex pastoralism?
(a) Industrial machinery fostering nature.
(b) Redemption of the alienation that comes from industrial modernity.
(c) Refusal to let sentimental pastoralism lapse.
(d) Acceptance of history.

12. What does Marx say about man's hopes for nature?
(a) They are just a dream.
(b) They will create wars.
(c) They are destructive.
(d) They are realistic.

13. What did Thoreau conclude as a result of his time at Walden?
(a) That technology must be stopped.
(b) That men are desperate and sad.
(c) That men should remove themselves from society.
(d) That man should simplify his life.

14. What does fire symbolize in Hawthorne's The Unpardonable Sin?
(a) The demonic element in factories.
(b) Chaotic forces of nature.
(c) Man's desire for progress.
(d) Intellect.

15. What kinds of machines especially did Americans welcome at the end of the 18th century?
(a) Machine tools.
(b) Railroads.
(c) Telegraphs.
(d) Milling machines.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Emerson say that science and technology could serve?

2. What 'sealed the fate' of American industrialism, according to Marx?

3. What power does Marx credit government with, in reversing the trend toward urbanization and industrialization?

4. What trait did American thinkers and writers see in evidence in America's industrial expansion?

5. What is Marx's tone throughout 'The Machine in the Garden'?

(see the answer keys)

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