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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What power does Marx credit government with, in reversing the trend toward urbanization and industrialization?
(a) Inability to manage complex problems.
(b) The ability to create lasting change.
(c) Powerlessness before the will of the people.
(d) Hesitancy to impose lifestyle changes on the people.

2. How did Americans see westward expansion, in Marx's account?
(a) As a form of progress.
(b) As a destruction of the landscape.
(c) As a form of corruption.
(d) As a crime against Indians.

3. What did Coxe contrast manufacturing with?
(a) Cottage industry.
(b) Self-reliance.
(c) The trades.
(d) Importation.

4. What does fire symbolize in Hawthorne's The Unpardonable Sin?
(a) The demonic element in factories.
(b) Intellect.
(c) Chaotic forces of nature.
(d) Man's desire for progress.

5. What do complex pastoralists recognize, in Marx's account?
(a) The need to abolish machinery.
(b) The need to integrate industrial machinery with natural processes.
(c) The need to return to nature at any cost.
(d) The need to reconcile pastoralism and industrialism.

6. What would men of understanding provide in Emerson's vision?
(a) Religion.
(b) Leadership.
(c) Literature.
(d) Technology.

7. What else does Marx say about people who live pastoral lives?
(a) They are Indians and blacks.
(b) They are poor.
(c) They are powerless.
(d) They are rich.

8. What did Thoreau conclude as a result of his time at Walden?
(a) That men should remove themselves from society.
(b) That men are desperate and sad.
(c) That man should simplify his life.
(d) That technology must be stopped.

9. How did Emerson portray nature?
(a) As the grand provider.
(b) As a force to be overcome.
(c) As chaotic and disorganized.
(d) As demonic.

10. What was the effect of industrialism in Thoreau's vision?
(a) Industry had generated enormous wealth.
(b) Military developments had made technology deadlier than ever.
(c) Machines had improved daily life for millions.
(d) Man had become a slave to his tools.

11. What criticism did Carlyle make of American industrialism?
(a) He decried the disruption of nature.
(b) He lamented the death of wildlife.
(c) He protested the destruction of indigenous societies.
(d) He complained about the decline of marriage in cities.

12. What type of society was America (in the time of Marx's writing)?
(a) Urban.
(b) Rural.
(c) Suburban.
(d) Non-agrarian.

13. How did nature continue to redeem individuals in pastoral ideology?
(a) After earning money in the factories, a person could buy land out west. Wealth would allow people to take more vacations in national parks. Trains would bring people closer to wild areas from the city. After earning money in the factories, a person could buy land out west.
(b) Wealth would allow people to take more vacations in national parks.
(c) As long as civilization could continue to exploit resources, it could avert class warfare.
(d) Trains would bring people closer to wild areas from the city.

14. What did Henry Adams envision as the consequence of technology?
(a) The unification of humans and nature.
(b) Disaffection, alienation, and disease.
(c) The unification of knowledge in one science.
(d) The human race committing suicide.

15. What kinds of machines especially did Americans welcome at the end of the 18th century?
(a) Machine tools.
(b) Milling machines.
(c) Telegraphs.
(d) Railroads.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who does Marx say will *not* contribute to reversing the trend toward urbanization and industrialization?

2. What did Coxe foresee for America?

3. What effect did Carlyle say industrialism would have?

4. What has happened to the ideal of the pastoral society, in Marx's opinion?

5. What effect does fire have in Hawthorne's The Unpardonable Sin?

(see the answer keys)

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