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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What type of society was America (in the time of Marx's writing)?
(a) Urban.
(b) Suburban.
(c) Non-agrarian.
(d) Rural.

2. What does fire symbolize in Hawthorne's The Unpardonable Sin?
(a) Chaotic forces of nature.
(b) Intellect.
(c) Man's desire for progress.
(d) The demonic element in factories.

3. How does Marx characterize man's hopes for nature?
(a) Pastoral idealism.
(b) Scientific resource allocation.
(c) Consensus-based resource use.
(d) Realistic planning.

4. What was the general feeling about industrialism in America, as it expanded?
(a) Caution.
(b) Doubt.
(c) Optimism.
(d) Positivism.

5. How does Marx say modern Americans see nature?
(a) As sublime.
(b) As bountiful.
(c) As expendable.
(d) As divine.

Short Answer Questions

1. How many Americans lived on farms by the end of the 19th century?

2. What was unique about American manufacturing, in Coxe's view?

3. What skill did Twain idealize?

4. What does the ocean symbolize in Melville's Moby Dick?

5. What criticism did Carlyle make of American industrialism?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was Tench Coxe's contribution to the American pastoral ideal?

2. What is the 'Garden of Ashes' a reference to?

3. How did Emerson reconcile machines and nature?

4. How did Thoreau reconcile machines and nature?

5. What is complex pastoral ideology, and where does Marx see it in evidence?

6. What were the roles of men of understanding and men of reason in Emerson's vision?

7. How would you characterize Marx's own view about pastoralism?

8. What was the dark side of industrialism, in most writers' eyes?

9. How does Marx characterize the modern response to pastoralism?

10. How did Henry Adam's reconcile pastoralism and industrialism?

(see the answer keys)

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