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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does our continued faith in the pastoral society preserve, in Marx's description?
(a) Faith in urban planning.
(b) Faith in individual survival.
(c) Pessimism about leaders.
(d) Pessimism about industry.

2. What was the general feeling about industrialism in America, as it expanded?
(a) Doubt.
(b) Optimism.
(c) Positivism.
(d) Caution.

3. How did nature continue to redeem individuals in pastoral ideology?
(a) After earning money in the factories, a person could buy land out west. Wealth would allow people to take more vacations in national parks. Trains would bring people closer to wild areas from the city. After earning money in the factories, a person could buy land out west.
(b) As long as civilization could continue to exploit resources, it could avert class warfare.
(c) Wealth would allow people to take more vacations in national parks.
(d) Trains would bring people closer to wild areas from the city.

4. How did Melville describe whaling?
(a) As a spiritual calling.
(b) As an industrial enterprise.
(c) As an art.
(d) As a symbol of society.

5. What feeling characterized the beginning of Mark Twain's writing career?
(a) Lamentation about the death of Indian cultures.
(b) Nostalgia for the old days on the Mississippi.
(c) Fear about the consequences of the railroad.
(d) Optimism about industrial expansion into the midwest.

Short Answer Questions

1. What role has literature played in the formation of the culture Marx describes in 'The Machine in the Garden'?

2. What does fire symbolize in Hawthorne's The Unpardonable Sin?

3. What effect does fire have in Hawthorne's The Unpardonable Sin?

4. What does Marx point out accompanied factories and progress in transportation?

5. What still remains in every man, in Marx's account?

Short Essay Questions

1. How developed was the land at the end of the 18th century?

2. What were the roles of men of understanding and men of reason in Emerson's vision?

3. How did the pastoral ideal redeem the horrors of industrialism?

4. What is the purpose of an epilogue?

5. What is complex pastoral ideology, and where does Marx see it in evidence?

6. What is the 'Garden of Ashes' a reference to?

7. How does Marx categorize modern man's attitude toward the pastoral ideal in terms of the authors he has analyzed?

8. How does Marx characterize the modern response to pastoralism?

9. How did Daniel Webster describe industrialism?

10. What was Tench Coxe's contribution to the American pastoral ideal?

(see the answer keys)

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