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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What does Marx say is unique about pastoralism in the industrial age in America?
(a) People began to be able to visit the country from the city.
(b) Southern plantations were the first farms to perform agriculture on an industrial scale.
(c) People stopped living on farms in the late 1700s.
(d) The railroad blurred the boundary between city and country.

2. What aspects of European civilization were the Virginia settlers glad to leave behind, in Beverly's history?
(a) Vanities and conflicts over property.
(b) Suppression of religious expression.
(c) Dogmas and conflicts over religion.
(d) Plagues and uncertainty over medical treatment.

3. How does Marx describe the encroachment of industrialism?
(a) As inevitable.
(b) As preventable.
(c) As natural.
(d) As unnatural.

4. What is the third stage of life that Marx describes through Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Return to home.
(b) Return to the city.
(c) Return to nature.
(d) Return to childhood.

5. What other American literature does Marx say exemplifies the three-stage theme he identified in Shakespeare's 'The Tempest'?
(a) Poe's The Fall of the House of Usher.
(b) Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.
(c) Morrison's Beloved.
(d) Twain's Huckleberry Finn.

Short Answer Questions

1. Marx writes that America offered men a middle state between what and what in the eighteenth century?

2. How have liberal thinkers portrayed the sentimental pastoral ideal, in Marx's account?

3. How had feelings about nature changed by Jefferson's time?

4. What is the first reaction Marx describes to industrialism?

5. What were Beverly's sources for his history of Virginia?

Short Essay Questions

1. How long does Marx say the pastoral ideal has endured?

2. Where has the pastoral ideal been apparent in American culture?

3. How had the Enlightenment changed pastoral thought by the time of Jefferson?

4. How did Jefferson describe the frontier in his Notes on Virginia?

5. In what way does the railroad symbolize the industrial intrusion into a pastoral idyll?

6. How did Jefferson separate America and Europe in his Notes on Virginia?

7. What is complex pastoral ideology?

8. What view typified the opposite of the bountiful-Edenic image of the New World?

9. What is the pastoral ideal?

10. How does Shakespeare demonstrate the impossibility of the pastoral ideal?

(see the answer keys)

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