1. The purpose of "travesty" in folk festivals was to:
(a) Irreversibly denigrate everything it could.
(b) Call upon something serious and make it amusing.
(c) Reassert traditional definitions of social and spiritual life.
(d) Indicate the importance of travel to an individual's self-development.

2. What repressive organization was Bakhtin forced to join in order to continue writing?
(a) The Post-Revolution Press
(b) The National Writers' Agency.
(c) The Soviet Society of National Fiction.
(d) The Russian Union of Writers.

3. Why did Bakhtin feel his times were comparable to those of the Renaissance?
(a) Both eras were times of broad social change that left people unsure of how to proceed.
(b) Two political leaders of the different eras were incredibly alike.
(c) The literatures and cultures of both eras bore a distinct resemblance.
(d) The specific threat of disease was killing many people in both times.

4. How does the prologue of _Pantagruel_ demonstrate the connection between literature and the marketplace?
(a) It begins with a detailed description of the author's hometown marketplace.
(b) It exhorts its readers to record in writing their own experiences of fairs and of Carnival.
(c) It offers a pricey alternative to illiteracy.
(d) It simultaneously advertises itself and praises the public.

5. Curses in Renaissance folk culture tended to focus most closely upon the victim's:
(a) Spirit.
(b) Family.
(c) Body.
(d) Mind.