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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What percentage of Puerto Ricans voted for independent nationhood?

2. What was a Californio?

3. Blacks are the only ethnic group that came to the U.S. under what condition?

4. What type of immigrant group is most likely to retain a foreign language and culture?

5. What was a "hatchet man"?

Short Essay Questions

1. What negative effects did total dependence have on the slave population?

2. Why were most early Chinese immigrants to the U.S. sojourners?

3. What factors make Puerto Rican immigrants unique?

4. What are the "pushes" and "pulls" that bring Mexican immigrants to the United States?

5. Why is it particularly difficult to measure advancement in the immigrant Puerto Rican community?

6. Why did most Chinese immigrants work in laundries and restaurants in the U.S.?

7. What field of endeavor was essentially invented by immigrant Japanese?

8. Why has Mexican immigration divided the mainstream population?

9. How are black Americans both the oldest and the youngest immigrant group?

10. Why was marriage among slaves encouraged by slave owners?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Select one ethnic group for which you will explore how the cultural values that came with them from their country of origin affected their assimilation into the culture of the United States. For example, what effect did Jewish dietary laws and ritual cleansing have on them? What effect did Italian emphasis on self-reliance have on them when they became immigrants?

Essay Topic 2

It may seem ironic that established immigrant groups have been shown to discriminate against more recent immigrants of the same ethnicity. Using examples from the text, write an essay examining this phenomenon and give your opinion about its causes and effects.

Essay Topic 3

Patterns emerge among all ethnic groups that show differences between the first generation of immigrants and the second and third generations. In your essay, select one or two ethnic groups to examine and compare generational differences.

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