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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was the name for a middleman who bought and sold indentured servants?
(a) Coyote.
(b) Simon Legree.
(c) Soul driver.
(d) Slave driver.

2. What was a "Hessian"?
(a) German pacifists.
(b) German communitarians.
(c) German government officials.
(d) German soldiers recruited to fight in the Revolutionary War.

3. In what area did Italian immigrants find success in California?
(a) Wine growing.
(b) Glass blowing.
(c) Fruit selling.
(d) Garment manufacture.

4. What kind of trouble did employers invite who mixed Italian workers from different villages?
(a) Increased absenteeism.
(b) Violence.
(c) Misunderstanding.
(d) Confusion.

5. In what area did 19th century Irish consider themselves superior to Germans?
(a) Religion.
(b) Americanization.
(c) Sports.
(d) Education.

6. What was the occupation of the majority of Irish immigrants in the 19th century?
(a) Glass blowing.
(b) Farming.
(c) Manufacturing.
(d) Unskilled labor.

7. What was the primary loyalty of southern Italians in the 20th century?
(a) The church.
(b) Personal morality.
(c) Country.
(d) The family.

8. What important social change did Germans bring to the mainstream culture?
(a) Promotion of family entertainment.
(b) Respect for science.
(c) Beer drinking.
(d) Stricter morals and mores.

9. What kinds of skills did the Irish develop under an enemy government?
(a) Spying.
(b) Organizing and circumventing government.
(c) Guerilla warfare.
(d) Self-improvement.

10. What were early German immigrants able to do more thoroughly than others?
(a) Develop social networks.
(b) Govern themselves and others.
(c) Invent useful machinery.
(d) Clear frontier land and make it productive.

11. What crop were most slaves in the U.S. producing?
(a) Vegetables.
(b) Tobacco.
(c) Cotton.
(d) Sugar.

12. What Irish product undermined the welfare of Irish people?
(a) Potatoes.
(b) Poetry.
(c) Whiskey.
(d) Sabotage.

13. Immigrants on cargo ships could not select their______________.
(a) Destinations.
(b) Itinerary.
(c) Port of departure.
(d) Accomodations.

14. What virtue was already ingrained in European Jews when they arrived?
(a) Philanthropy.
(b) Good humor.
(c) Self-reliance.
(d) Conviviality.

15. Which group of Italian immigrants were at the bottom of their social scale?
(a) Sicilians.
(b) Romans.
(c) Venetians.
(d) Tuscans.

Short Answer Questions

1. What early 20th century occupation was 90% done by Italians?

2. What did the term "ghetto" originally mean?

3. How much of the arable land in Ireland was used for growing potatoes before the famine?

4. How did Jews who had survived persecution store their wealth?

5. What percentage of Italian immigrants were agricultural laborers?

(see the answer keys)

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