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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which group of Italian immigrants were at the bottom of their social scale?

2. What tools have Jews traditionally used to respond to adversity?

3. What kinds of skills did the Irish develop under an enemy government?

4. In their own land, the Irish were a _________________ people.

5. What distinguishes Italian emigration during the 20th century?

Short Essay Questions

1. How were the German immigrants characterized?

2. How did the geography of Italy contribute to the fragmentation of its people?

3. What geographical advantages does northern Italy have over southern Italy?

4. What was distinct about the Jewish community in Eastern Europe?

5. Why is it difficult to determine the effect of discrimination on ethnic groups?

6. What are some influences German immigrants have had on American culture?

7. During the 19th and early 20th centuries, how did Italian literacy compare with the rest of Europe?

8. What Jewish patterns in Europe became important to their success in America?

9. What was the effect on Ireland of the international potato blight of 1845?

10. How does the average age of an ethnic group affect its socioeconomic status?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

It may seem ironic that established immigrant groups have been shown to discriminate against more recent immigrants of the same ethnicity. Using examples from the text, write an essay examining this phenomenon and give your opinion about its causes and effects.

Essay Topic 2

In what ways are socioeconomic differences influenced by location in the host country? What keeps immigrants from moving to the most desirable spots? In your essay, examine the factors that cause immigrant groups to cluster where they do, and what effect that clustering has on their assimilation and economic success.

Essay Topic 3

Write an essay in which you explore the responses of various immigrant groups to the discrimination against them in the United States. Consider which responses led to successful assimilation over time, and support your opinion about the best way to deal with discrimination with data from the text.

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