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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. How many of the emigrants from the potato famine died en route to America in 1847?

2. What was a "Hessian"?

3. What language did German Jews speak?

4. What advantages does northern Italy have over southern Italy, where most emigrants lived?

5. What was the primary loyalty of southern Italians in the 20th century?

Short Essay Questions

1. What factors contributed to Irish immigrant workers' lack of initiative?

2. What was the effect on Ireland of the international potato blight of 1845?

3. What advantages did Irish have over other immigrants?

4. How did the geography of Italy contribute to the fragmentation of its people?

5. In what ways were slaves better off than the 19th century Irish immigrants?

6. Why is it difficult to determine the effect of discrimination on ethnic groups?

7. In what ways have American ethnic communities supplied leadership to their countries of origin?

8. What was unusual about German migration patterns in the 20th century?

9. Who are the Pennsylvania Dutch?

10. How were the German immigrants characterized?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Patterns emerge among all ethnic groups that show differences between the first generation of immigrants and the second and third generations. In your essay, select one or two ethnic groups to examine and compare generational differences.

Essay Topic 2

In an essay, analyze how the various methods of available transportation have affected who was able to immigrate, where they were able to land, and what work they were able to undertake upon arrival.

Essay Topic 3

In what ways are socioeconomic differences influenced by location in the host country? What keeps immigrants from moving to the most desirable spots? In your essay, examine the factors that cause immigrant groups to cluster where they do, and what effect that clustering has on their assimilation and economic success.

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