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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. In their own land, the Irish were a _________________ people.
(a) Free.
(b) Independent.
(c) Conquering.
(d) Conquered.

2. What advantage did European Jewish immigrants have in arriving in the United States?
(a) They were already accustomed to a rural environment.
(b) They were already urbanized.
(c) They were already skilled farmers.
(d) They already spoke English.

3. What kinds of skills did the Irish develop under an enemy government?
(a) Self-improvement.
(b) Spying.
(c) Guerilla warfare.
(d) Organizing and circumventing government.

4. What educational reform did Germans propose and support?
(a) Graduate schools.
(b) Universities.
(c) Preschools.
(d) Kindergartens.

5. What percentage of arrests in New York City during the 1850s were made of drunk and disorderly Irishmen?
(a) Fifty percent.
(b) Thirty percent.
(c) Ten percent.
(d) Twenty percent.

Short Answer Questions

1. How long did it take to cross the Atlantic in a steamship?

2. In what field did the Irish immigrants to America achieve their first successes?

3. What kind of trouble did employers invite who mixed Italian workers from different villages?

4. The "penal laws" imposed by the British on the Irish were intended to keep the Irish in what situation?

5. In what area did Italian immigrants find success in California?

Short Essay Questions

1. What historical events contributed to the fragmentation of the Italian population?

2. What geographical advantages does northern Italy have over southern Italy?

3. What was an indentured servant?

4. Why is it misleading to think of minority groups as falling below national socioeconomic averages?

5. In what ways were slaves better off than the 19th century Irish immigrants?

6. Why is it difficult to determine the effect of discrimination on ethnic groups?

7. In what ways have American ethnic communities supplied leadership to their countries of origin?

8. What was unusual about German migration patterns in the 20th century?

9. What was distinct about the Jewish community in Eastern Europe?

10. Who are the Pennsylvania Dutch?

(see the answer keys)

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