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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Freud's "psychologistic" approach to understanding human culture, what image inspired early Christianity?
(a) Ambivalence toward society.
(b) Ambivalence toward the father.
(c) Love for the mother.
(d) Ambivalence toward the mother.

2. Why did the Nazi regime appear to be stable?
(a) The population had trouble being submissive.
(b) The population seemed to have its needs met.
(c) Hitler was no longer in power.
(d) The citizens were in revolt.

3. Why did the second group of Germans who both supported the Nazis and adopt their ideas submit to Hitler?
(a) They wanted to have more freedom.
(b) They enjoyed fewer taxes under Nazism.
(c) They wanted to dominate others.
(d) Nazism appealed to their desire for authoritarianism.

4. In addition to a love for Germany, what other authoritarian characteristic did Hitler possess?
(a) Belief in religious freedom.
(b) Feelings of powerlessness.
(c) Desire to submit.
(d) Hatred for other groups.

5. What academic, who Fromm disagrees with, also wrote about the social interpretation of the human development?
(a) Pavlov.
(b) Freud.
(c) Engels.
(d) Jung.

Short Answer Questions

1. What happens when the political restraints that an individual has come to rely on are removed?

2. What is automaton conformity?

3. What is "original" thought?

4. How does Fromm categorize the second group of Germans who supported the Nazis?

5. Whose theory about economic gains driving history have many historians misunderstood?

Short Essay Questions

1. What role does the family have in developing the character structure of an individual?

2. What is spontaneous action and original thought?

3. What is the relationship between sadism and masochism? How does the relationship affect authoritarian characters?

4. What is social character?

5. What characteristics describe the second group of Germans who supported the Nazis?

6. What is true freedom and what do Fromm's critics fear it can lead to?

7. What were the economic, social, and political conditions like in Germany prior to Hitler's rise to power?

8. What was life like for the lower, middle class following World War I? How did these conditions impact impacted their submission to Nazism?

9. How does a democratic society put pressure on individuals to conform?

10. How does Fromm describe sadistic people?

(see the answer keys)

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