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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What is "spontaneous" action?
(a) Actions that come from what an individual used to do.
(b) Actions that come from what others feel and think.
(c) Actions that come from what a person feels and thinks.
(d) Actions that come from what others do.

2. What German social class both submitted to Hitler and fully adopted his Nazi ideology?
(a) Upper, middle class.
(b) Nobility.
(c) Upper class.
(d) Lower, middle class.

3. According to Freud's "psychologistic" approach to understanding human culture, what image inspired early Christianity?
(a) Ambivalence toward society.
(b) Ambivalence toward the mother.
(c) Love for the mother.
(d) Ambivalence toward the father.

4. What is NOT a characteristic of the old, middle class that Fromm identifies?
(a) Frugality.
(b) Thrift.
(c) Cautiousness.
(d) Pride.

5. Prior to World War I, who was the lower, middle class obedient to?
(a) German chancellor.
(b) German monarchy.
(c) They were not obedient to anyone yet.
(d) President of the United States.

6. Why does an individual conform to society?
(a) To escape freedoms and individuality.
(b) To escape feelings of isolaton and fear.
(c) To escape feelings of conformity.
(d) To escape a dictator.

7. What do Fromm's critics fear will happen to society during the process of individuality?
(a) Democracy.
(b) Communism.
(c) Capitalism.
(d) Anarchy.

8. What historian believed that religion drives the social process?
(a) Weber.
(b) Kafka.
(c) Engels.
(d) Marx.

9. What is "pseudo-thinking"?
(a) Impulsive thoughts.
(b) Pretending to think.
(c) Unconscious repitition of other's opinions as our own.
(d) Pretending to act on a thought.

10. What approach to history views the economic interests as the cause of religion and political ideas?
(a) Capitalistic.
(b) Bartering.
(c) Economistic.
(d) Laissez-faire.

11. What did Hitler's sadistic nature lead him to desire?
(a) He wanted to be dominated.
(b) He sought power over others.
(c) He wanted to dominate and be submissive.
(d) He wished to help others.

12. Why did the Nazi regime appear to be stable?
(a) The population seemed to have its needs met.
(b) The citizens were in revolt.
(c) Hitler was no longer in power.
(d) The population had trouble being submissive.

13. What psychological approach does Fromm use to study history?
(a) Individuality.
(b) Ethnocentricity.
(c) Psychoanalytical.
(d) Multiple Perspectives.

14. What political and economic beliefs does Fromm wish to reconnect man with?
(a) Marxism and a capitalistic economy.
(b) Democratic principles and a planned economy.
(c) Communism and a socialist economy.
(d) Fascism and a market driven economy.

15. What happens when the political restraints that an individual has come to rely on are removed?
(a) There is still fear, and isolated people find something new to depend on.
(b) The fear and isolation are made much worse.
(c) People finally feel free and individual.
(d) The fear and isolation are completely eliminated.

Short Answer Questions

1. What German social class supported Hitler but did not adopt his ideologies?

2. What assumptions about man are made that lead people to fear chaos if he acts only in accordance with himself?

3. Why does Fromm suggest analyzing psychological mechanisms in individuals?

4. What do sadists seek?

5. What does the development of individual and social characters lead to?

(see the answer keys)

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