In the beginning of the twentieth century, women had no rights at all. They were not allowed to vote or hold in a political office. Married women had no rights to their property or children since their job was just to look after their ch...

A Game of Freeze-Out There was a time-it was the golden age-when the merchant of films or apparatus did his business directly with the consumer; he knew hint. The business took care of itself because the offering was equal to the demand. Th...

Infinity in Theology and Metaphysics It would be profitless (even if it were possible) to catalog every nuance that the word infinity possesses in minor, as well as major, thinkers. Fortunately, the dominant strands are clear. Among these t...

Defense Mechanisms Essay In the stages of Sigmund Freud's theory, there are unconscious strategies that people use to psychologically change what is reality, into what they would like to believe. These strategies are called defense m...

Nathan Drake keened in 1805 that Joseph Addison for all his literary achievement and "moral dominion" frustrated biographers, who stood helpless before his reticence and distrust of self-revelation. Time and scholarship have not made the p...

Retaining his intellectual roots in Hegel and Marx, the German philosopher Theodor W. Adorno (1903-1969) moved freely across diverse academic disciplines to probe into the nature of contemporary European culture and the predicament of mode...

Agrippa(C. 50 Bce s Outlines of Pyrrhonism. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Barnes, Jonathan. The Toils of Scepticism. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1989. Barnes, Jonathan, ed. The Complete Works of Aristot...

Abu Hamid Muhammad al-Ghazali (1058-1111) was one of the foremost intellects of medieval Islam. Personal discontent with scholastic orthodoxy led him to mysticism and the writing of a monumental work which harmonized the tendencies of both...

The chief contribution by the French mathematician and physicist Jean le Rond d'Alembert (1717-1783) is D'Alembert's principle, in mechanics. He was also a pioneer in the study of partial differential equations. Jean le Rond d'Alembert was...

Allergies are abnormal reactions of the immune system to substances that are otherwise harmless. Allergies are among the most common medical disorders. By some estimates more than one in every five Americans suffer from some form of alle...

Amenorrhea Amenorrhea is the absence of menstruation. There are two types of amenorrhea, primary and secondary. Primary amenorrhea is delayed menarche (the first menstrual period) and is defined as any one of three conditions: 1.) absence o...

The French physicist André Marie Ampère (1775-1836), with his original and penetrating analysis of the magnetic effects of current-carrying wires, was the founder of electrodynamics. Born on Jan. 20, 1775, in Lyons, Andr&eacu...

Analytic Jurisprudence Analytic jurisprudence divides into two related areas: substantive and methodological. Until the late 1980s most analytic jurisprudence had been substantive. It focused on producing theories of the nature of law, the ...

The Greek philosopher Anaxagoras (ca. 500-ca. 428 BC) was the first to formulate a molecular theory of matter and to regard the physical universe as subject to the rule of rationality or reason. Anaxagoras was born on the Ionian coast of A...

Anomalous Monism Originated by Donald Davidson, Philosophical Perspectives 3 (1989). Discusses the problem of mental causation for anomalous monism....

Hypoxia Lack of oxygen to the brain. When the cells of the brain receive little or no oxygen, irreversible damage is often the result. Hypoxia is the term applied to oxygen starvation of the brain; when the lack of oxygen is more generalize...

CAPITAL: St. John's FLAG: Centered on a red background is a downward-pointing triangle divided horizontally into three bands of black, light blue, and white, the black stripe bearing a symbol of the rising sun in yellow. ANTHEM: Beg...

Antisocial personality disorder (ASP) is particularly germane to alcohol and drug abuse because it co-occurs in a large proportion of those who abuse alcohol or drugs, and it confounds the diagnosis of, influences the course of, and is an ...

Until the early 1950s, physicians had no reliable means of assessing the health of newborns in the critical first minutes of life. As a result of delays in diagnosis, conditions that might have been corrected sometimes proved fatal. In 195...

Archytas of Tarentumwas a Greek mathematician of the Pythagorean school who formulated the harmonic mean and was the first to integrate mathematics and mechanics. He also developed an ingenious geometric solution for the ancient Greek prob...

A Jewish refugee from Germany, Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) analyzed major issues of the 20th century and produced a brilliant and original political philosophy. Hannah Arendt was born in 1906 in Hanover, Germany, the only child of middle-cla...

Aristo of Chios(Third Century Bce) Aristo of Chios was a disciple of Zeno of Citium, the founder of Stoicism. The scant biographical information that exists, from Diogenes Laertius (VII 160 189. Berkeley: University of California Press, 199...

Assessment Centers An assessment center is a process used to make personnel decisions in which participants engage in a variety of exercises and have their performance evaluated by multiple assessors. The goal of an assessment center is to ...

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Disorder characterized by attentional deficit and/or hyperactivity Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 26, 1987, pp. 676-686. Organizations Attention Deficit Disorder A...

Augustinianism , E. A Guide to the Thought of St. Augustine. Chicago: Regnery, 1960. Rist, John M. Augustine: Ancient Thought Baptized. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Rondet, H. Saint Augustine parmi nous. Paris, 1954. R...