Product Life Cycle and Industry Life Cycle Recognizing that all living things go through a cycle of birth, growth, maturity, and death, the inspiration for the concepts of product life cycle and industry life cycle comes from biology. The l...

Why Lack of clarity about the uses of the word why is responsible for confusion on a number of philosophical fronts. In this entry we shall confine ourselves to two groups of topics where greater attention to the proper and improper behavio...

Kaufmann, Walter Arnold(1921–1980) Walter Kaufmann was born in Freiburg, Germany, on July 1, 1921. He emigrated to the United States in 1939, as conditions in Germany became ominous for those of Jewish descent (Kaufmann's fath...

(from Latin nihil, “nothing”), a philosophy of skepticism that originated in 19th-century Russia during the early years of the reign of Alexander II. The term is an old one, applied to certain heretics in the Middle Ages. In Ru...

Clauberg, Johannes(1622 bingen, Germany: Mohr (Siebeck), 1939....

Leadership Theories and Studies Leadership can be defined as a process by which one individual influences others toward the attainment of group or organizational goals. Three points about the definition of leadership should be emphasized. F...

François René, Vicomte de Chateaubriand (1768-1848), one of the first French romantic writers, was a master stylist. Through the poetic prose of his voluminous work he was able to evoke exotic places and to transform and idea...

Licensing and Licensing Agreements A license provides the legal authority to engage in certain acts. Some licenses are required for the protection of the public. For example, a physician is licensed to assure professional competence, and th...

motion picture that shapes and interprets factual material for purposes of education or entertainment. Documentaries have been made in one form or another in nearly every country and have contributed significantly to the development of rea...

Paul Grice's work greatly influenced both arcs of the so-called linguistic turn of twentieth-century philosophy. The first arc--the variety of attempts to recast the traditional problems of philosophy as problems of language--includes ordi...

Augustinianism , E. A Guide to the Thought of St. Augustine. Chicago: Regnery, 1960. Rist, John M. Augustine: Ancient Thought Baptized. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1994. Rondet, H. Saint Augustine parmi nous. Paris, 1954. R...

In psychoanalytic theory, an often unconscious mental process (such as repression) that makes possible compromise solutions to personal problems or conflicts. The compromise generally involves concealing from oneself internal drives or fee...

Molina, Luis De(1535 In Jesuit Thinkers of the Renaissance, edited by G. Smith. Milwaukee, WI: Marquette, 1939....

In accounting, the activity-oriented financial statement issued by businesses. Covering a specified time, such as three months or one year, the income statement is a summary of revenues and expenses. It also lists gains and losses from oth...

Institution for diagnosing and treating the sick or injured, housing them during treatment, examining patients, and managing childbirth. Outpatients, who can leave after treatment, come in for emergency care or are referred for services no...

The English historian and philosopher Robin George Collingwood (1889-1943) did important historical research on Roman Britain and made original contributions to esthetics, the philosophy of history, and the philosophy of mind. Born at Coni...

In Greek mythology, the bravest and strongest of the Greek warriors in the Trojan War. Because his mother dipped him into the River Styx, he was invulnerable except at the heel by which she held him. During the war against Troy Achilles to...

Retention in School Repeating an academic year of school. A significant number of high school freshmen in the United States have repeated at least one grade. In most cases, teachers recommend retention for one of three reasons: developmenta...

Copyright Page Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Second Edition Donald M. Borchert, Editor in Chief 2005018573 This title is also available as an e-book.ISBN 0-02-866072-2Contact your Thomson Gale representative for ordering information. Printed...

Multiple-Criteria Decision Making Real-world decision-making problems are usually too complex and ill-structured to be considered through the examination of a single criterion, attribute, or point of view that will lead to the optimum decis...

There is an old proverb saying, "History repeats itself." This proverb has certainly proven itself true. Civilizations predictably collapse within 300 to 900 years after their inception, proven by countless civilizations, such as the Roman,...

Valentinus and Valentinianism Valentinus (mid-2nd century CE) was the founder of what came to be one of the most influential Gnostic sects of heretical Christianity. Little can be known with certainty about either his life or his teachings,...

Perinatal Period The period from 28 weeks after conception through one week after birth. The perinatal period spans the last stage of pregnancy and the first days following birth. Approximately coinciding with the last trimester of pregnanc...

Constitutional Courts Broadly defined, a constitutional court is a court that adjudicates disputes over the interpretation and application of a political system United States. Bibliography Abraham, Henry J. The Judicial Process: An Introduc...

The English sociologist and philosopher Leonard Trelawny Hobhouse (1864-1929), one of the major theoreticians of liberalism in England before World War I, advocated a modified form of state socialism tempered by traditional liberal princip...