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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. When did paleontologists publish a study revealing not just the major five mass extinctions, but many lesser extinction events?

2. What type of stone was in the jagged outcropping of Dob's Linn?

3. When was it difficult to avoid stepping on frogs in Sierra Nevada?

4. How many species found in the vent-free zone near Castello Aragonese, disappeared in the pH 7.8 zone?

5. How much did Icelanders pay in 1971 to buy the auk back?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was Bd and how did it kill frogs?

2. Where were the first mastodon bones found that were studied?

3. Why did it seem logical that Walter Alvarez became a scientist?

4. What were the frogs like that Darwin discovered in Chile?

5. Where were the Panamanian golden frogs housed, when it was discovered they were dying?

6. What is the purpose and design of the Icelandic Institute of Natural History?

7. What did Charles Darwin do when he finished Cambridge?

8. How difficult was it to find graptolites at Dob's Linn?

9. What were graptolites?

10. What was the Gola del Botttaccione?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Darwin believed natural selection determined which species survived or became extinct. What exactly was natural selection and how was it supposed to work in determining which species survived and which became extinct?

Essay Topic 2

Oceans appeared to be becoming more acidic. What were the consequences of acidity in oceans and what implications did that have for future?

Essay Topic 3

Zalasiewicz and other geologists were interested in studying graptolites. What were graptolites and why were they significant to geologists?

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