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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Virchow ultimately referred to the disease as "weisses Blut" or ___________. In 1847 the name was changed to leukemia.

2. Some doctors believed that any form of this type of surgery yielded what?

3. Who was Henry Kaplan?

4. Orman was diagnosed with what?

5. Every battle needs its iconic battleground, and one physical place epitomized the cancer wars of the late _________.

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the significance of using MOPP in the treatment of breast cancer?

2. What is meant by counting? Why does this matter?

3. Why did breast cancer clinical trials last ten years? How could these trials have been run better?

4. Describe Farber's society. How was it successful?

5. How did Virchow stumble upon cancer?

6. Who is Ben Orman? How is he significant to the study of cancer?

7. Describe the drug and cancer lists of Canellas and Frei. How is this significant?

8. What symptoms led to Carla Reed learning she had leukemia?

9. How was this letter to Richard Nixon significant at the time?

10. What were the two major arguments regarding current cancer treatments? Why?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Four and five drug combinations were tested with success.

Part 1) How did researchers begin to test combinations of four and five drugs? How did many of these combinations affect patients? How did these studies lead to success?

Part 2) How did these successes affect cancer patients? How did these studies also lead to the idea of the "smiling oncologist?" How did this type of doctor affect the mindset of a patient?

Part 3) Is there a need for such an oncologist? Is that type of attitude towards cancer necessary? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 2

The late 1940s and 1950s brought the world a great number of new pharmaceuticals.

Part 1) What are four of these pharmaceuticals? What is the purpose of these pharmaceuticals? How is this growth in medicine significant?

Part 2) How have we been affected by these new pharmaceuticals? How different would the field of medicine be today if it were not for these new medicines?

Part 3) What problems have these new medicines caused? What issues must we now deal with in which these new types of medicine are at least partially to blame? How might these problems change the world of medicine yet again?

Essay Topic 3

John Bennett was a Scottish physician in the 1800s.

Part 1) What discovery did he make? What were his assumptions about this discovery? Why might he have come to this conclusion? How was he wrong?

Part 2) Describe the work of Rudolf Virchow. How did his studies and conclusions compare to Bennett's? How did this affect what is known about cancer and specifically leukemia? How had knowledge of cancer developed up to this point? What important studies and cases led to the naming of leukemia in 1847?

Part 3) How did studies after the 1840s lead to even more understanding of cancer and specifically leukemia? Has this led to a significant amount of success? Why or why not? Has cancer research seen as much success as other areas of medical study? Why or why not?

(see the answer keys)

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