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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Whose input did the French and Americans ignore about Vietnam, in Halberstam's account?
(a) Diplomats.
(b) Military advisers.
(c) Generals.
(d) Lower-level officers.

2. What does Halberstam say Americans were disunited about in the early 1960s?
(a) How to balance the budget.
(b) How to establish peace.
(c) How to go about fighting Communism.
(d) How to reduce nuclear weapons.

3. How long had Ho Chi Minh's communism associations been known to the U.S., in Halberstam's account?
(a) Since 1954.
(b) Since 1946.
(c) Since 1941.
(d) Since 1931.

4. Why didn't Kennedy formulate a China policy, in Halberstam's account?
(a) China was not a high priority.
(b) China was experiencing a revolution.
(c) He didn't have time.
(d) His China advisor had not been confirmed.

5. What does Halberstam say McNamara learned that he had to do in order to argue against nuclear weapons?
(a) Make emotional appeals to the electorate.
(b) Make a good argument for conventional weapons.
(c) Discredit military analysts in favor of nuclear weapons.
(d) Demonize his opponents.

Short Answer Questions

1. What were Diem and Nhu's politics relative to the Vietnamese population's politics?

2. Whose theories had been used as the basis for expanded militarization in the late 1940s?

3. What does Halberstam say was the result of the Chinese Revolution and the McCarthy period?

4. What kind of reports does Halberstam say would come from the head of the U.S. command after his 1962 appointment?

5. Whom did Kennedy want to act as Secretary of State?

Short Essay Questions

1. Describe the confrontation in Laos.

2. Why does Halberstam say Chester Bowles' popularity faded?

3. Describe the atmosphere in America when Kennedy took office.

4. What does Halberstam say was McNamara's relationship with Kennedy?

5. Whom did Kennedy consider for the position of Secretary of State?

6. Who was McGeorge Bundy, and what was his role in the Kennedy administration?

7. Why didn't the U.S. gain the loyalty of the Vietnamese peasants?

8. Who was Kennedy, and how did he become well known?

9. Who was Robert McNamara and what was his role in the formation of Vietnam policy?

10. What does Halberstam say was Robert McNamara's background before becoming Secretary of Defense?

(see the answer keys)

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