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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Hebdige, which is an underlying influence of the reggae subculture?

2. Reggae has origins in which of the following?

3. According to Hebdige, the mass culture mythologizes signification as a means of gaining which of the following?

4. Which of the following was one of the first to embrace the Rastafarian style?

5. Punk lacks which of the following?

Short Essay Questions

1. Besides the experience of slavery, what other elements were used to create Reggae?

2. Does Hebdige agree with the idea that all subcultures are lumped into one "class"?

3. In Chapter 4, how does Hebdige explain the creation of white subcultures?

4. How is Punk different from other white subcultures?

5. In the Introduction and Chapter 1, how does Hebdige feel about the way the mass culture defines everyday life?

6. How do the Mods practice the "norms" of the mass culture and traditions of a subculture?

7. In Chapter 4, how do the Teddy Boys contradict themselves?

8. Even though Punk was founded on some of Reggae's ideas, were the two really similar, according to Hebdige?

9. According to Chapter 3, what is the main difference between the subcultures of Reggae and Rastafarians?

10. How do the Rastafarians modify the Christian religion?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explain the philosophy of the 1950's Teddy Boys. How is it different from the 1970's Teddy Boys?

Essay Topic 2

When the parents of the Rastafarians who migrated from the West Indies to London did so, they wore brightly-colored clothes to represent their faith in a brighter future for London. This instead caused them to be targets of discrimination. If they had to do it all over again, do you think they should do it the same way? If yes, what would be the benefits of doing it this way? If not, why? What other ways would you suggest they get this point across? How would these ways benefit the people?

Essay Topic 3

Describe how the London heat wave physically and sociologically affected the people of London. What movement was born from the heat wave? What changes did this movement bring?

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