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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How does the author characterize the France that develops under Napoleon?
(a) It lacked real military strength.
(b) It was a menace.
(c) It was a strong force for peace.
(d) It was weaker than it appeared at the time.

2. Why did many European principalities fail to become strong, united nations?
(a) Individual princes were unwilling to give up their power.
(b) There was insufficient technology to support a large state.
(c) Constant bickering drove them apart.
(d) The philosophy and religion of the time discouraged it.

3. What do skilled leaders almost always do when they are at a disadvantage?
(a) Arrange for reinforcements.
(b) Avoid confrontation.
(c) Gather intelligence.
(d) Select "picked troops."

4. The Germanic Vandals in North Africa depended on what activity for their wealth?
(a) The poaching of ivory.
(b) Slavery.
(c) Trade.
(d) Piracy.

5. During William of Normandy's time, what was the state of military strategy?
(a) It was almost totally forgotten.
(b) It was improving greatly.
(c) It was in decline.
(d) It was unpopular for being unchivalrous.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which general is attributed to stating and frequently reciting the famous line given in this chapter about the relative importance of the moral and the physical?

2. When an enemy is attacked along a "natural line of expectation," what is the usual result?

3. Which great Persian military leader is credited with introducing military strategy to Europe?

4. How did the Greeks contain the superior numbers of their enemies?

5. How are the beneficial gains from warfare maintained?

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain Napoleon's famous quotation regarding moral and physical conditions.

2. What was the Persian strategy in their first attack against Athens?

3. What is a "natural line of expectation"?

4. Describe some of Belisarius's conquests.

5. How did the large size of the Persian army in the second Greek and Persian war cause problems for the Persians?

6. Why are decisive results important in warfare?

7. What was the overall state of military strategy in William of Normandy's time?

8. How did the Greeks achieve victory in the second Greek and Persian war?

9. What is the relationship between grand strategy and long-lasting gains?

10. What factors led to Greek victory in the first war between Greece and Persia?

(see the answer keys)

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