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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What factor caused the Germans to retreat near the end of the First World War?
(a) They had lost too many men in a recent offensive.
(b) There was massive unrest at home.
(c) They had no way to deal with the tanks the Allies had introduced.
(d) They were concerned about the safety of their rear area.

2. According to the author, which of the following strategies have been known and used by intelligent generals dating back to ancient times?
(a) Concentration of forces.
(b) Building fortifications.
(c) Avoiding bloodshed and battles.
(d) False retreats.

3. During their first war with Greece, the Persians experienced a revolt in which region?
(a) Syria.
(b) Egypt.
(c) Sicily.
(d) Libya.

4. Which great Persian military leader is credited with introducing military strategy to Europe?
(a) Reza Shah.
(b) Pompey.
(c) Hannibal.
(d) Darius.

5. The Germanic Vandals in North Africa depended on what activity for their wealth?
(a) Piracy.
(b) Trade.
(c) Slavery.
(d) The poaching of ivory.

6. What methods characterized the Wars of Spanish Succession?
(a) Scorched-earth policy.
(b) Psychological warfare.
(c) Direct methods.
(d) Indirect methods.

7. What distinction does the author make during the discussion of the wars fought by Hannibal, Scipio and Caesar?
(a) Decisive vs indecisive results.
(b) Direct vs indirect approaches.
(c) Strategy vs tactics.
(d) Free vs conscripted armies.

8. In what way did Caesar excel as a general?
(a) In battles in unusual and difficult terrain.
(b) At sapping the morale of enemy forces.
(c) In set-piece battles on open plains.
(d) At destroying enemy armies wholesale.

9. What events caused France to become a united nation?
(a) The formation of the United States of America.
(b) The French Revolution.
(c) The country's invasion by foreigners.
(d) The politicians and actions by Germany.

10. How did most military forces change over the period between 1854 and 1914?
(a) They became more professional.
(b) They began to incorporate artillery pieces.
(c) They became smaller.
(d) They started to center around naval power.

11. About how many men was Belisarius given with which to conquer the Vandals?
(a) Five thousand.
(b) A hundred thousand.
(c) Fifty thousand
(d) Fifteen thousand.

12. How are the beneficial gains from warfare maintained?
(a) Active effort.
(b) Politics.
(c) Diplomacy.
(d) Military recruitment.

13. According to the author, what is the use or importance of ancient strategies?
(a) They are useful for study only.
(b) They should be imitated exactly.
(c) They have no relevance to modern warfare.
(d) They remain important to modern warfare.

14. Many developed what false impression of Caesar's strategies?
(a) He was a pawn of the Egyptians.
(b) He was ruthless and bloodthirsty.
(c) He was too rash.
(d) He was a coward.

15. What factor aided Napoleon in his ascent to become ruler of a united France?
(a) Strong economic growth.
(b) Rapid militarization.
(c) Popular support for a new form of government.
(d) Unrest in occupied territories.

Short Answer Questions

1. What major advantage does the use of locomotives in warfare convey?

2. When moving to engage the superior Scottish forces, what was the nature of Cromwell's overall strategic maneuver?

3. In addition to the physical gains, why did Fabius employ his brand of warfare?

4. Which of the following was a widely-used tactic in William of Normandy's time?

5. The author suggests that which of the following can easily become involved in grand strategy?

(see the answer keys)

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