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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Why did many European principalities fail to become strong, united nations?
(a) Constant bickering drove them apart.
(b) Individual princes were unwilling to give up their power.
(c) The philosophy and religion of the time discouraged it.
(d) There was insufficient technology to support a large state.

2. When an enemy is attacked along a "natural line of expectation," what is the usual result?
(a) The enemy has a high chance of resisting the attack.
(b) The enemy will not be prepared for the attack.
(c) The enemy will not be able to counter effectively.
(d) The enemy's strength will be worn down.

3. Belisarius's legacy caused the Byzantines to adopt what military strategy for centuries?
(a) Supply-line interdiction.
(b) Defensive-offensive combinations.
(c) The indirect approach.
(d) Ship fleet strategies.

4. In his major engagement with the Scottish, how was Cromwell able to overcome the numerical superiority of the enemy forces?
(a) By cutting off their supplies.
(b) By wearing them down with artillery fire.
(c) By using a pincer maneuver.
(d) By forcing them to engage in smaller groups.

5. A "pincer movement" involves what kind of strategic maneuver?
(a) Refusing one's own flank.
(b) Widening one's own flank.
(c) Driving up an enemy's flank.
(d) Turning an enemy's flank.

6. Which of the following elements is NOT described as being part of the "center" of a country's military power?
(a) Morale.
(b) Control.
(c) Technology.
(d) Supply.

7. How did most military forces change over the period between 1854 and 1914?
(a) They became smaller.
(b) They began to incorporate artillery pieces.
(c) They started to center around naval power.
(d) They became more professional.

8. What events caused France to become a united nation?
(a) The French Revolution.
(b) The country's invasion by foreigners.
(c) The formation of the United States of America.
(d) The politicians and actions by Germany.

9. Decisive results are almost always the result of what kind of strategy?
(a) Rapid offensives.
(b) The direct method.
(c) Guerilla warfare.
(d) The indirect method.

10. What major advantage does the use of locomotives in warfare convey?
(a) Mobility.
(b) Force multipliers.
(c) Availability of artillery.
(d) Improved communications.

11. How did Caesar achieve relatively bloodless victories?
(a) By providing better weapons for his troops.
(b) By using amphibious assaults.
(c) By avoiding fortified towns.
(d) By attacking supply lines.

12. In addition to the physical gains, why did Fabius employ his brand of warfare?
(a) For pure fame and glory.
(b) In order to pillage territories more effectively.
(c) For pyschological effect.
(d) To wear down his opponent's strength.

13. Which of the following was not a major branch of the military during Cromwell's time?
(a) Infantry.
(b) Cavalry.
(c) Artillery.
(d) The Navy.

14. What methods characterized the Wars of Spanish Succession?
(a) Direct methods.
(b) Scorched-earth policy.
(c) Indirect methods.
(d) Psychological warfare.

15. Which of the following is a common method for generals employing the indirect approach?
(a) Luring opponents into weak positions.
(b) Using teams of mercenaries.
(c) Besieging large towns.
(d) Moving rapidly without support.

Short Answer Questions

1. Like Caesar, Belisarius was able to achieve victory in what way?

2. What is one problem of relying upon locomotives in warfare?

3. According to the indirect method, which of the following is true regarding attacks on enemy resources and psychological conditions?

4. According to the author, when did the first use of military strategy in Europe occur?

5. Some of Fabius' tactics could be compared to what kind of modern warfare?

(see the answer keys)

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