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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following was a significant factor in the psychology of generals during World War II?
(a) Their desire for promotion.
(b) Their national character.
(c) Their education.
(d) Their extraordinary need for recognition.

2. Which of the following did Clausewitz see himself as?
(a) A statesman.
(b) A diplomat.
(c) A scientist.
(d) A philosopher.

3. About how many Russian soldiers died on the eastern front during the First World War?
(a) Five-hundred thousand.
(b) One-hundred thousand.
(c) One million.
(d) Two-hundred thousand.

4. Forces are usually drawn into the "horns of a dilemma" in what way?
(a) Through failures of intelligence and planning.
(b) For legitimate strategic reasons.
(c) Through insufficient supply-lines.
(d) As a result of hot-headed leadership.

5. Which of the following was a factor in limiting the possibilities for strategy on the eastern front?
(a) Dependance on railways.
(b) Insufficient manpower.
(c) Lack of large artillery.
(d) Poorly trained generals.

6. What is the most essential factor in concentrating forces?
(a) Keeping communications open.
(b) Hiding the concentration from the enemy.
(c) Maintaining the chain of command.
(d) Providing ample supplies.

7. In what strategic realm did Hitler fail?
(a) Strategy of diplomatic measures.
(b) Strategy of tactical movements.
(c) Grand strategy.
(d) Local strategy.

8. With regards to bloodless victories and attacks against targets other than human lives, the author states which of the following?
(a) Strategy should only include these factors.
(b) These results are impossible to achieve.
(c) These results can only be obtained through high mobility.
(d) These strategies are equally valid or more valid than direct combat.

9. What was Germany's problem in Russia with regards to grand strategy?
(a) There was no real achievable border in Russia.
(b) The Russians would never become fascists.
(c) German officials refused appointments to Russian territory.
(d) There was no real infrastructure in Russia.

10. In the author's view, a battle that results in massive casualties and the temporary gain of an objective is best described as which of the following?
(a) A disaster.
(b) An indecisive result.
(c) A decisive result.
(d) An indirect method.

11. What was one way that Hitler gained political ascendancy in Germany?
(a) By cutting down on corruption.
(b) By paying out welfare whenever possible.
(c) By expelling foreigners.
(d) By exploiting in-fighting.

12. Which of the following best defines military strategy?
(a) All movements and applications of military forces.
(b) The means by which military forces seek policy objectives.
(c) The combination of military and political means of warfare.
(d) The use of military forces in the field to destroy enemy forces.

13. In the First World War, what was Italy's diplomatic status?
(a) It successfully remained neutral throughout the war.
(b) It was allied with Austria and Hungary.
(c) It was allied with France and England.
(d) It remained neutral, but was invaded by both Austria and France.

14. Clausewitz himself admitted that his books had what flaw?
(a) They were too complicated for most students of warfare.
(b) Some of them were written by other people.
(c) They were outdated.
(d) They were not complete.

15. "Limited aim" strategy generally precludes what type of outcome?
(a) Decisive results.
(b) Indecisive results.
(c) Psychological defeat of the enemy.
(d) Bloodless victories.

Short Answer Questions

1. What tactic, employed by generals as early as Belisarius, was widely used in World War II?

2. "Limited aim" wars are most often employed by what types of military forces?

3. According to the author, what type of government is least capable of creating ideal generals?

4. Late in the war, the primary German leader in the east was allowed to employ the indirect method by using what kind of an attack?

5. "National object" is best defined as the final goal in what field?

(see the answer keys)

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