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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did the Tsar see himself as defending for his country?

2. What features of European culture were missing in Russia in the 1830s and 40s?

3. How did Herzen and Bakunin express the value they shared?

4. What was the relationship between literature and politics in mid-nineteenth century Russia?

5. When had the European states experienced revolution?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was Russia's cultural situation in the 1830s and 40s?

2. What was Annenkov's role in the circle of Russian Intelligentsia?

3. What did Russian students learn in German universities?

4. Where in Europe were there revolutions in 1848?

5. What was the effect of the "moral quarantine" of Western ideas in Russia?

6. What conspiracy group did the Second of April Committee unveil, and what was the result of the trial?

7. Describe the difference between Herzen and Bakunin's personalities.

8. What was Herzen's reaction to Hegelian ideology?

9. What was the heart of the Romantic notion that held the Russian intelligentsia in Germany's influence?

10. How did Bakunin react to Hegel's philosophy?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Why was Russian culture so ripe for revolution and transformation? What traits of inherited Russian culture made it so receptive to external ideas such as Hegel's ideas about history or Rousseau's ideas about the innocence of children?

Essay Topic 2

What cultural developments in Russia and what European philosophical and political ideas made the peasant commune an attractive basis for social organization to the populists?

Essay Topic 3

How accurate is the stereotype of the Russian intellectual as gloomy and pessimistic? Why was that stereotype conceived, and what cultural factors would induce an intellectual to be gloomy and pessimistic? In what cases was the stereotype grossly inaccurate?

(see the answer keys)

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