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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What insight did Herzen value in the thinkers who influenced him?

2. Whom did Bakunin inspire during his travels?

3. What conspiracy against the Tsar did the censorship program discover?

4. What was the relationship between literature and politics in mid-nineteenth century Russia?

5. Where did de Maistre express his views?

Short Essay Questions

1. What problems did Herzen have with Hegelian philosophy?

2. What was Leo Tolstoy's as a thinker, and how does Berlin see him?

3. How did the revolutions of 1848 affect western European intellectuals and Russians differently?

4. What was the heart of the Romantic notion that held the Russian intelligentsia in Germany's influence?

5. Which Russian intellectuals did Pavel Annenkov describe in his memoirs?

6. What did "intelligentsia" mean in Russia, where the term was coined?

7. What did Russian students learn in German universities?

8. What example does Tolstoy use to explain why human beings cannot know all the actions and causes that affect their experiences?

9. What did Nicholas Stankevich find attractive in Hegel's theories?

10. Where in Europe were there revolutions in 1848?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Why was Russian culture so ripe for revolution and transformation? What traits of inherited Russian culture made it so receptive to external ideas such as Hegel's ideas about history or Rousseau's ideas about the innocence of children?

Essay Topic 2

Research essay: Who inherited the legacy of the thinkers Berlin profiled? How did the Russian Revolution transform the ideas of the 19th-century Russian writers? Where was Hegel in the Russian Revolution?

Essay Topic 3

Which two or three writers had the greatest effect on Russian society? Define your argument, and use examples from the text.

(see the answer keys)

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