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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. What idea captured the imagination of the Russian intelligentsia?

2. What did Herzen see as the individual's role in history?

3. What conspiracy against the Tsar did the censorship program discover?

4. What value came first for Herzen?

5. What did the Tsar see himself as defending for his country?

Short Essay Questions

1. What did Nicholas Stankevich find attractive in Hegel's theories?

2. What did "intelligentsia" mean in Russia, where the term was coined?

3. What was Leo Tolstoy's as a thinker, and how does Berlin see him?

4. How did the revolutions of 1848 affect western European intellectuals and Russians differently?

5. What saying of Schelling's represents the relationship of artists to their times in Russian ideology of the mid-nineteenth century?

6. What was Herzen's reaction to Hegelian ideology?

7. How did Bakunin differ from Stankevich in his application of Hegelian ideas?

8. Describe the main ideas of Hegel's that influenced Herzen.

9. Whose writings had Russian intellectuals and writers primarily been influenced by?

10. Name some of the thinkers who influenced Herzen's thinking.

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Where else in the modern world are people playing out this tension between progress on one hand and nationalism or localism, on the other? How does the Russian example--of revolutionaries trying to preserve Russian social structures in the face of industrial or modern reforms--relate to the modern example?

Essay Topic 2

What are the strengths of the kind of biography Berlin is practicing here? What are the limitations? What does Berlin show effectively? What questions remain unaddressed, or unresolved?

Essay Topic 3

What cultural factors made the Russian populists so popular at first and then so ineffective? Why were populist leaders so out of touch that when populists went to the communes in 1874, the peasants rebuffed them whose organization they idealized?

(see the answer keys)

This section contains 727 words (approx. 3 pages at 300 words per page) View a FREE sample