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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What ideas did Tolstoy believe in?
(a) Tolstoy advocated for a strict aristocracy to keep the unruly impulses of the masses under control.
(b) Tolstoy proposed the right of Russia to govern Eastern Europe.
(c) Tolstoy believed in Russians' innate racial cohesion.
(d) Tolstoy rejected original sin and idealized the innocence of children.

2. Who was the thinker Tolstoy agreed with most?
(a) Mazzini.
(b) Marcus Aurelius.
(c) Pestalozzi.
(d) Rousseau.

3. How did Turgenev differ from Tolstoy and Dostoevsky?
(a) Turgenev did not write about society characters.
(b) Turgenev was not a moral preacher.
(c) Turgenev wrote short stories.
(d) Turgenev wrote solely about peasants.

4. What Populist warning did Lenin's reign fulfill?
(a) Lenin's reign fulfilled the Populist prophecy that a revolution of the elite would result in a dictatorship of that elite.
(b) Lenin's reign fulfilled the Populist prophecy that the people would prosper under autocratic rule.
(c) Lenin's reign fulfilled the Populist prophecy that the people would not be happy under any leader who led more than one collective.
(d) Lenin's reign fulfilled the Populist prophecy that a popular movement would kneel before a charismatic dictator.

5. How was Herzen seen by the revolutionaries of the 1860s and 1870s?
(a) Herzen was dismissed as a salon-talker.
(b) Herzen was seen as an inspiring revolutionary.
(c) Herzen was portrayed as a father of Russian literature.
(d) Herzen was seen as a decadent aesthete.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was Tolstoy's experience of European ideas?

2. Whose failures did the leader of the Populists reject?

3. What program did Tolstoy advocate?

4. Which character was based on Belinsky?

5. What term did Turgenev use to describe the protagonist of his novel Rudin?

Short Essay Questions

1. How was Turgenev's work viewed at the end of his life?

2. Where did Alexander Herzen come from?

3. What was the stance of the "new men" toward Turgenev?

4. Where did characters based on Belinsky appear in Russian literature?

5. What was the critical consensus on Tolstoy, and how does Berlin revise it?

6. What was Herzen's early activist career like?

7. What Western thinkers influenced Populism?

8. What did Russian populists experience when they went to the communes in 1874?

9. How did Hegel's ideas influence Herzen?

10. Why did Turgenev's character Bazarov inspire such strong responses from audiences?

(see the answer keys)

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