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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Whom did Bakunin inspire during his travels?
(a) The French bourgeoisie.
(b) Italian laborers.
(c) German revolutionaries.
(d) Swiss watchmakers.

2. What measures did the Tsar take to assert his values?
(a) He gave serfs and women the right to vote.
(b) He imprisoned his former supporters.
(c) He declared martial law.
(d) He repressed all signs of dissent and unorthodoxy.

3. How does Berlin describe Bakunin?
(a) As a highly original thinker.
(b) As a magnetic popularizer of other people's theories.
(c) As a shy aesthete.
(d) As a revolutionary filled with promise of his convictions.

4. When had the European states experienced revolution?
(a) 1818.
(b) 1809.
(c) 1848.
(d) 1825.

5. What did the Tsar see himself defending the country against?
(a) Atheism, liberalism and revolution.
(b) Selfish aristocrats.
(c) Reforms in land ownership and use.
(d) Anarchist mobs.

6. What does Berlin say was the "French" attitude toward the arts?
(a) Artists are prophets whose lives are instructive to the masses.
(b) Artists are only legitimate if they are bohemian: sloppy and irresponsible.
(c) Moral faults in the artist do not affect the artwork.
(d) Artists are the saviors and redeemers of culture.

7. What dictum of Schelling's represented the Russian literary scene in the nineteenth century?
(a) The arts are the last thing to change in a culture.
(b) Writers capture the times better than sociologists do.
(c) Poets are the unacknowledged legislators of the world.
(d) Idealism lives in literature but grows old and dies in prison.

8. What was Tolstoy's relationship with Joseph de Maistre?
(a) They shared similar views.
(b) They were co-conspirators.
(c) de Maistre censored Tolstoy.
(d) Tolstoy was de Maistre's father-in-law.

9. According to Berlin, what did Tolstoy have the greatest faith in?
(a) Nations.
(b) Divine causes.
(c) History.
(d) Individual experience.

10. Which thinker saw progress in the growth of national cultures?
(a) Mazzini.
(b) Mickiewicz.
(c) Hegel.
(d) Herder.

11. What had been the outcome of the European states' revolution?
(a) The revolution failed.
(b) Napoleonic wars.
(c) A new era of peace.
(d) The Thirty-Years' War.

12. What was the result of Russia's "moral quarantine"?
(a) Ethnic cleansing of Tartars.
(b) Intense Slavophilia.
(c) A decrease in censorship.
(d) A renaissance in Russian literature.

13. Who was Joseph de Maistre?
(a) A poor writer.
(b) An educated courtier.
(c) A conspirator against the Tsar.
(d) A bureaucrat on the censorship committee.

14. What advantages did Hegel's theories have for Bakunin?
(a) Hegel's idealism let Bakunin justify his loathing of Russian politics.
(b) Hegel's contradictions let Bakunin justify aesthetics and physical labor.
(c) Hegel's contradictions let Bakunin justify both rebellion and obedience.
(d) Hegel's idealism let Bakunin justify his optimism in Russia's future.

15. What does Berlin say is underestimated in Tolstoy's legacy?
(a) His detailed descriptions.
(b) His philosophy of history.
(c) His moral vision.
(d) His acute social commentary.

Short Answer Questions

1. How does Berlin describe Bakunin's personality?

2. What does Berlin say Tolstoy felt guilty about?

3. What was Turgenev's "negative Hegelianism?"

4. What policy of Peter the Great's had spawned the intelligentsia?

5. Which thinker affected Herzen?

(see the answer keys)

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