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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Whom did Bakunin inspire during his travels?
(a) German revolutionaries.
(b) Swiss watchmakers.
(c) Italian laborers.
(d) The French bourgeoisie.

2. How does Berlin describe Bakunin's personality?
(a) As polarizing.
(b) As luminous.
(c) As magnetic.
(d) As shy and shrinking.

3. Who said, "the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing"?
(a) Plotinus.
(b) Solon.
(c) Plato.
(d) Archilochus.

4. What did the Russian Intelligentsia invent?
(a) A type of social criticism.
(b) Communes.
(c) Personal-philosophical essays.
(d) A code for illicit communications.

5. What was the name of the committee in charge of government censorship?
(a) The Homeland Purity Committee.
(b) The Decembrist Committee.
(c) The Second of April Committee.
(d) The Comintern.

6. What limitations did Tolstoy see as hindering human beings, according to Berlin?
(a) They cannot know all the influences that affect a moment.
(b) They can never see life through each other's eyes.
(c) They remain divine creatures, even though they live earthly experiences.
(d) They cannot know the divine mind.

7. According to Berlin, what did Tolstoy have the greatest faith in?
(a) Individual experience.
(b) Divine causes.
(c) History.
(d) Nations.

8. Where did the term "intelligentsia" come from?
(a) It was invented in the mid-1800s.
(b) It had always been a role in Russian society.
(c) The Tsar had used it to demean effete thinkers.
(d) It was coined by the press during the Dreyfus Affair.

9. What policy of Peter the Great's had spawned the intelligentsia?
(a) Peter the Great invested heavily in bringing European intellectuals to Russia.
(b) Peter the Great instituted land reforms and made education more affordable to Russian peasants.
(c) Peter the Great sent the sons of aristocrats to Europe for education.
(d) Peter the Great acted as a patron of the arts and initiated a Renaissance in Russian arts and letters.

10. What was the dominant philosophical movement of the second quarter of the nineteenth century in Russia?
(a) American Pragmatism.
(b) German Romanticism.
(c) American Transcendentalism.
(d) English Humanism.

11. What did the Tsar see himself as defending for his country?
(a) Opportunity and liberty.
(b) The property of landowners.
(c) Civil rights for serfs and peasants.
(d) Autocracy, religion and order.

12. What did Tolstoy believe was the only way to access truth and reason?
(a) Human experience.
(b) Transcendental experience.
(c) Historical awareness.
(d) Spiritual transcendence.

13. What part of Tolstoy's legacy do critics praise?
(a) His moralizing.
(b) His symbolic descriptions.
(c) His theorizing.
(d) His chronicler of human experience.

14. What advantages did Hegel's theories have for Bakunin?
(a) Hegel's contradictions let Bakunin justify aesthetics and physical labor.
(b) Hegel's contradictions let Bakunin justify both rebellion and obedience.
(c) Hegel's idealism let Bakunin justify his loathing of Russian politics.
(d) Hegel's idealism let Bakunin justify his optimism in Russia's future.

15. Who was exiled to Siberia because of the trial of a group of conspirators?
(a) Fyodor Dostoevsky.
(b) Alexander Pushkin.
(c) Nikolai Gogol.
(d) Leo Tolstoy.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who was Joseph de Maistre?

2. What measures did the Tsar take to assert his values?

3. How does Berlin describe conservative Romantics?

4. What was Hegel's appeal to Russian students?

5. Whose work did Bakunin expound paragraph by paragraph?

(see the answer keys)

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