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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What was Bakunin's relationship with Herzen?
(a) Bakunin learned his theories under Herzen's tutelage.
(b) Herzen was susceptible to Bakunin's improvident optimism.
(c) Herzen was the better intellectual.
(d) Bakunin was inspired by Herzen's experience.

2. What measures did the Tsar take to assert his values?
(a) He imprisoned his former supporters.
(b) He repressed all signs of dissent and unorthodoxy.
(c) He gave serfs and women the right to vote.
(d) He declared martial law.

3. Which of the following describes Russian censorship during the middle of the nineteenth century?
(a) Censors looked for subversive ideas.
(b) Censors intimidated writers who wrote subversive material.
(c) Censors told writers what to write.
(d) Censors persecuted the families of authors.

4. What, according to Berlin, did Tolstoy see as futile?
(a) Transcendent experience.
(b) Searching for grand designs in events.
(c) Fulfilling individual experience.
(d) Sharing experience between two people.

5. What had been the outcome of the European states' revolution?
(a) A new era of peace.
(b) The Thirty-Years' War.
(c) Napoleonic wars.
(d) The revolution failed.

6. How did censorship system work?
(a) It forced authors to publically recant having written banned books.
(b) It used paid informers to keep banned books from being written.
(c) It relied on writers' self-censorship.
(d) It was a double censorship system.

7. How does Berlin characterize Bakunin's ideas?
(a) Unique and popular.
(b) Innovative but ineffectual.
(c) Earnest but unoriginal.
(d) Revolutionary and dangerous.

8. What did Tolstoy believe was the only way to access truth and reason?
(a) Spiritual transcendence.
(b) Transcendental experience.
(c) Human experience.
(d) Historical awareness.

9. Who was exiled to Siberia because of the trial of a group of conspirators?
(a) Nikolai Gogol.
(b) Alexander Pushkin.
(c) Fyodor Dostoevsky.
(d) Leo Tolstoy.

10. What was the dominant philosophical movement of the second quarter of the nineteenth century in Russia?
(a) German Romanticism.
(b) American Pragmatism.
(c) English Humanism.
(d) American Transcendentalism.

11. What were de Maistre's views?
(a) He advanced Enlightenment notions of progress.
(b) He satirized Enlightenment notions of progress.
(c) He developed Enlightenment notions of progress.
(d) He attacked Enlightenment notions of progress.

12. How did Herzen see history?
(a) Herzen saw history as the mind of God thinking.
(b) Herzen saw history as the narrative imposed after events.
(c) Herzen saw history as a movement of spiritual forces.
(d) Herzen saw history as a mechanistic development.

13. Where did de Maistre express his views?
(a) In books and letters.
(b) In the streets of Moscow.
(c) In the church.
(d) In the Tsar's court.

14. What was de Maistre's position?
(a) He was a landowner in Tolstoy's district.
(b) He was the minister in charge of culture in Moscow.
(c) He was an attache to the Tsar.
(d) He was an envoy of the kingdom of Savoy to Russia.

15. How did Herzen and Bakunin express the value they shared?
(a) In their writing and activism.
(b) In proselytizing for the church.
(c) In conspiring against the government.
(d) In censoring anti-religious writing.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Herzen predict in "From the Other Shore"?

2. What value came first for Herzen?

3. According to Berlin, what did Tolstoy have the greatest faith in?

4. Who was Joseph de Maistre?

5. What limitations did Tolstoy see as hindering human beings, according to Berlin?

(see the answer keys)

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