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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What writer supported the Tsar's acts?
(a) Alexander Pushkin.
(b) Nikolai Gogol.
(c) Leo Tolstoy.
(d) Fyodor Dostoevsky.

2. Whose work did Bakunin expound paragraph by paragraph?
(a) Schelling's.
(b) Dostoevsky's.
(c) Herzen's.
(d) Hegel's.

3. How does Berlin describe Bakunin?
(a) As a magnetic popularizer of other people's theories.
(b) As a revolutionary filled with promise of his convictions.
(c) As a highly original thinker.
(d) As a shy aesthete.

4. How do Tolstoy and de Maistre's views differ?
(a) de Maistre was a conspirator against the Tsar.
(b) Tolstoy was an aristocrat.
(c) Tolstoy was a humanist.
(d) de Maistre was a Catholic reactionary.

5. What did the Tsar see himself defending the country against?
(a) Atheism, liberalism and revolution.
(b) Reforms in land ownership and use.
(c) Anarchist mobs.
(d) Selfish aristocrats.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did Herzen see as the individual's role in history?

2. What effect did German Romanticism have on Russian students?

3. What part of Tolstoy's legacy do critics praise?

4. What movement was responsible for bringing politics into literature in mid-nineteenth-century Russian literature?

5. Who spread German Romantic philosophy in student circles?

Short Essay Questions

1. What did Nicholas Stankevich find attractive in Hegel's theories?

2. What did Russian students learn in German universities?

3. What was Herzen's reaction to Hegelian ideology?

4. Name some of the thinkers who influenced Herzen's thinking.

5. How did the revolutions of 1848 affect western European intellectuals and Russians differently?

6. What saying of Schelling's represents the relationship of artists to their times in Russian ideology of the mid-nineteenth century?

7. What was the heart of the Romantic notion that held the Russian intelligentsia in Germany's influence?

8. What problems did Herzen have with Hegelian philosophy?

9. How did Bakunin differ from Stankevich in his application of Hegelian ideas?

10. How did Tsar Nicholas respond to the European revolutions of 1848?

(see the answer keys)

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