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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following describes Russian censorship during the middle of the nineteenth century?
(a) Censors persecuted the families of authors.
(b) Censors intimidated writers who wrote subversive material.
(c) Censors told writers what to write.
(d) Censors looked for subversive ideas.

2. How do Tolstoy and de Maistre's views differ?
(a) de Maistre was a conspirator against the Tsar.
(b) Tolstoy was an aristocrat.
(c) de Maistre was a Catholic reactionary.
(d) Tolstoy was a humanist.

3. Whose work did Bakunin expound paragraph by paragraph?
(a) Schelling's.
(b) Herzen's.
(c) Hegel's.
(d) Dostoevsky's.

4. What measures did the Tsar take to assert his values?
(a) He declared martial law.
(b) He imprisoned his former supporters.
(c) He gave serfs and women the right to vote.
(d) He repressed all signs of dissent and unorthodoxy.

5. What was Hegel's appeal to Russian students?
(a) His world spirit seemed to prophesy the Russian Revolution.
(b) His quasi-religious philosophy gave atheistic students something they could believe in.
(c) His theory of history seemed to predict Russian nationalism.
(d) His idealism seemed like an escape from the squalor of Russia.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did the Tsar see himself as defending for his country?

2. What insight did Herzen value in the thinkers who influenced him?

3. What does Berlin mean when he says that Tolstoy was a fox who believed in being a hedgehog?

4. What was Turgenev's "negative Hegelianism?"

5. What idea captured the imagination of the Russian intelligentsia?

Short Essay Questions

1. In what ways does Berlin see Tolstoy's experience as representative of Russian culture?

2. What problems did Herzen have with Hegelian philosophy?

3. What was the effect of the "moral quarantine" of Western ideas in Russia?

4. What example does Tolstoy use to explain why human beings cannot know all the actions and causes that affect their experiences?

5. Describe the difference between progressive and reactionary Romanticism.

6. What influence did censors have on Russian intellectuals and literature?

7. What was Russia's cultural situation in the 1830s and 40s?

8. What conspiracy group did the Second of April Committee unveil, and what was the result of the trial?

9. Whose writings had Russian intellectuals and writers primarily been influenced by?

10. What did Russian students learn in German universities?

(see the answer keys)

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