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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How did Herzen see history?
(a) Herzen saw history as the mind of God thinking.
(b) Herzen saw history as a mechanistic development.
(c) Herzen saw history as a movement of spiritual forces.
(d) Herzen saw history as the narrative imposed after events.

2. What was the dominant philosophical movement of the second quarter of the nineteenth century in Russia?
(a) German Romanticism.
(b) American Transcendentalism.
(c) American Pragmatism.
(d) English Humanism.

3. According to Berlin, what did Tolstoy have the greatest faith in?
(a) Divine causes.
(b) History.
(c) Nations.
(d) Individual experience.

4. What mistake did Tsar Nicholas I make about European universities?
(a) He believed that German universities were safer than French universities.
(b) He believed that German universities would give Russian students a good foundation in Slavic culture.
(c) He believed that English universities were the best, but he also believed that they were too expensive.
(d) He believed that German universities would not instill any revolutionary ideas in Russian students.

5. Who wrote the memoir titled "The Birth of the Russian Intelligentsia"?
(a) Ivan Turgenev.
(b) Vissarion Belinksy.
(c) Pavel Annenkov.
(d) Alexander Herzen.

Short Answer Questions

1. What features of European culture were missing in Russia in the 1830s and 40s?

2. What measures did the Tsar take to assert his values?

3. How did the epoch that followed the Tsar's acts in the wake of the Decembrist Rebellions end?

4. Who said, "the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing"?

5. How does Berlin describe the state of Russian culture in the mid-1800s?

Short Essay Questions

1. What conspiracy group did the Second of April Committee unveil, and what was the result of the trial?

2. In what ways does Berlin see Tolstoy's experience as representative of Russian culture?

3. What was Leo Tolstoy's as a thinker, and how does Berlin see him?

4. How did Tsar Nicholas respond to the European revolutions of 1848?

5. What was Russia's cultural situation in the 1830s and 40s?

6. What did Russian students learn in German universities?

7. What was the effect of the "moral quarantine" of Western ideas in Russia?

8. What was Herzen's reaction to Hegelian ideology?

9. How did the revolutions of 1848 affect western European intellectuals and Russians differently?

10. Which Russian intellectuals did Pavel Annenkov describe in his memoirs?

(see the answer keys)

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