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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What effect did German Romanticism have on Russian students?
(a) It demanded a commitment to social and national causes.
(b) It made them hungry for violent rebellion and abrupt social change.
(c) It made them resentful of the social distinctions they inherited with their culture.
(d) It made them dissolute and morally bankrupt.

2. Who was exiled to Siberia because of the trial of a group of conspirators?
(a) Leo Tolstoy.
(b) Alexander Pushkin.
(c) Nikolai Gogol.
(d) Fyodor Dostoevsky.

3. Whom did Bakunin inspire during his travels?
(a) The French bourgeoisie.
(b) Swiss watchmakers.
(c) German revolutionaries.
(d) Italian laborers.

4. What had been the outcome of the European states' revolution?
(a) The revolution failed.
(b) Napoleonic wars.
(c) A new era of peace.
(d) The Thirty-Years' War.

5. How do Tolstoy and de Maistre's views differ?
(a) de Maistre was a conspirator against the Tsar.
(b) de Maistre was a Catholic reactionary.
(c) Tolstoy was a humanist.
(d) Tolstoy was an aristocrat.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did the writer who supported the Tsar present the Tsar's acts?

2. How does Berlin describe Herzen's prose style?

3. What events proved the limitation Tolstoy described?

4. What did Herzen see as the individual's role in history?

5. What do hedgehogs represent in the adage that "the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing"?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was Annenkov's role in the circle of Russian Intelligentsia?

2. What example does Tolstoy use to explain why human beings cannot know all the actions and causes that affect their experiences?

3. Which Russian intellectuals did Pavel Annenkov describe in his memoirs?

4. What saying of Schelling's represents the relationship of artists to their times in Russian ideology of the mid-nineteenth century?

5. How did the revolutions of 1848 affect western European intellectuals and Russians differently?

6. In what ways does Berlin see Tolstoy's experience as representative of Russian culture?

7. Why, according to Berlin, did Tolstoy resist subscribing to a totalizing theory of history?

8. What did Nicholas Stankevich find attractive in Hegel's theories?

9. Describe the difference between progressive and reactionary Romanticism.

10. What problems did Herzen have with Hegelian philosophy?

(see the answer keys)

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