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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Which of the following describes Russian censorship during the middle of the nineteenth century?
(a) Censors intimidated writers who wrote subversive material.
(b) Censors looked for subversive ideas.
(c) Censors told writers what to write.
(d) Censors persecuted the families of authors.

2. What does Berlin say was the "French" attitude toward the arts?
(a) Artists are only legitimate if they are bohemian: sloppy and irresponsible.
(b) Artists are the saviors and redeemers of culture.
(c) Artists are prophets whose lives are instructive to the masses.
(d) Moral faults in the artist do not affect the artwork.

3. How did the writer who supported the Tsar present the Tsar's acts?
(a) He denounced the Tsar's opponents.
(b) He justified the aristocracy's use of violence.
(c) He proclaimed the natural rights of man.
(d) He presented even serfdom as divinely ordained.

4. Where did de Maistre express his views?
(a) In the church.
(b) In the streets of Moscow.
(c) In books and letters.
(d) In the Tsar's court.

5. What was the result of Russia's "moral quarantine"?
(a) Ethnic cleansing of Tartars.
(b) A decrease in censorship.
(c) A renaissance in Russian literature.
(d) Intense Slavophilia.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was Turgenev's "negative Hegelianism?"

2. What, according to Berlin, did Tolstoy see as futile?

3. What was Bakunin's relationship with Herzen?

4. Who was Joseph de Maistre?

5. When did the Decembrist rebellion take place?

Short Essay Questions

1. Describe the difference between Herzen and Bakunin's personalities.

2. What were the three accomplishments of the intellectuals who rose to prominence in the 1830s and 40s?

3. What conspiracy group did the Second of April Committee unveil, and what was the result of the trial?

4. What was Russia's cultural situation in the 1830s and 40s?

5. What do foxes and hedgehogs represent in Archilochus' adage, and how does Berlin apply the distinction to Russian thinkers?

6. What did "intelligentsia" mean in Russia, where the term was coined?

7. Describe the main ideas of Hegel's that influenced Herzen.

8. Which Russian intellectuals did Pavel Annenkov describe in his memoirs?

9. Describe the difference between progressive and reactionary Romanticism.

10. Name some of the thinkers who influenced Herzen's thinking.

(see the answer keys)

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