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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What or whom does Michael Grant, the author of the introduction, introduce?
(a) Greek philosophy.
(b) Roman philosophy.
(c) Marcus Tullius Cicero.
(d) Himself.

2. What did Cicero believe the result would be if happiness was only achieved by certain goods?
(a) That unhappiness did not exist.
(b) That happiness was unnecessary.
(c) That happiness was permanent.
(d) That happiness could only be perfected by possessing imperishable goods.

3. According to "Discussions at Tusculum," why are evil people always miserable?
(a) They are not morally good.
(b) They are selfish.
(c) They do not have friends.
(d) They do not have good lives.

4. What does happiness necessarily require, according to Cicero?
(a) Laughter.
(b) Tranquility.
(c) Smiles.
(d) Singing.

5. What must men have to resolve conflict, according to Cicero in "On Duties"?
(a) Money.
(b) Rulers.
(c) Respect.
(d) Resources.

6. According to "On Duties," how do people find theft by the state?
(a) Necessary.
(b) Unjust.
(c) Absurd.
(d) Outrageous.

7. According to "Discussions at Tusculum," what did all Greek schools of philosophy agree on?
(a) That good lives require posessions.
(b) That good lives cannot exist.
(c) That good lives require being morally good.
(d) That good lives require friends.

8. What did Cicero believe the Roman republic should behave like?
(a) "Lucid and demanding."
(b) "Strong and indestructive."
(c) "Elusive and free."
(d) "Heroes of old."

9. How many principles does Cicero list that govern the performances of our obligations?
(a) 5.
(b) 8.
(c) 7.
(d) 6.

10. What did Cicero believe was the most divine thing in humans?
(a) Reason.
(b) Love.
(c) Compassion.
(d) Rational.

11. What are external goods merely considered to be by Cicero?
(a) Unpreferables.
(b) Necessary to happiness.
(c) Preferables.
(d) Indifferents.

12. According to Cicero, what will breed resentment in a ruler's subjects?
(a) Theft.
(b) Power.
(c) Dishonor.
(d) Unjust behavior.

13. How does the book of "On Duties" begin?
(a) With the argument that being morally good provides knowledge to our duties.
(b) With a quote.
(c) With a description of its setting.
(d) With a summary of facts.

14. According to the introduction, what protestant thinkers was Cicero popular among?
(a) Luther and Melancthon.
(b) Melancthon.
(c) Luther.
(d) Pope Gregory.

15. What did Cicero believe strongly about the virtues of philosophy?
(a) They gave comfort to the fearful.
(b) They were valid and rational.
(c) They were insightful.
(d) They took away the "load of empty troubles."

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Cicero, how was the Stoics view counter-intuitive?

2. According to Cicero, what is suggested about losing one's happiness?

3. Which medieval thinker admired Cicero, according to Grant?

4. According to Cicero in "On Duties," what do men need?

5. How does Cicero describe what philosophy's method does in "Discussions at Tusculum"?

(see the answer keys)

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