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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Cicero, how does he view tyrannies?
(a) Needed.
(b) Stable.
(c) Unstable.
(d) Unnecessary.

2. Who was Dionysius?
(a) The ruler of Rome.
(b) The dictator of Syracuse.
(c) The dictator of Greece.
(d) The ruler of Asia.

3. According to the introduction, what type of writing style did Cicero sometimes write in?
(a) Poetic.
(b) Essay.
(c) Journal.
(d) Dialogue.

4. When did Cicero do his writing, according to the introduction?
(a) During the 60s B.C.
(b) Between the 60s and early 50s B.C.
(c) Between the 60s and early 50s A.D.
(d) Between the late 60s-40s B.C.

5. What is the purpose of the book "On Duties"?
(a) So people will reassess their lives.
(b) To challenge its readers.
(c) So statesmen can come to know their duties.
(d) To inspire its readers.

6. What are the third and fourth principles concerned with, in "On Duties"?
(a) Love.
(b) Expediency.
(c) Dictators.
(d) Taxes.

7. What are external goods merely considered to be by Cicero?
(a) Necessary to happiness.
(b) Unpreferables.
(c) Indifferents.
(d) Preferables.

8. Who favored Cicero?
(a) Roman orators.
(b) Lactantius and many Christian fathers.
(c) Nuns.
(d) Greek orators.

9. Who did Cicero influence, according to Grant?
(a) The modern philosphers.
(b) The Renaissance art.
(c) The Italian church.
(d) The children of the time.

10. According to Cicero in "On Duties," what do men need?
(a) Money.
(b) Love.
(c) Resources.
(d) Friends.

11. When did Cicero's reputation decline, according to the introduction?
(a) The 17th century.
(b) It never declined.
(c) The 18th century.
(d) The 19th century.

12. According to the introduction, how did Pope Gregory I respond to Cicero's work?
(a) He refused to ackowledge his writings.
(b) He burned them.
(c) He banned his work for centuries.
(d) He gave him high praise.

13. What does the book reproduced in "On Duties" concern itself with?
(a) Theory of happiness.
(b) Theory of civic virtue.
(c) Theory of civic dispute.
(d) Theory of friendship.

14. What did Cicero believe applied to every human, according to Grant?
(a) The golden rule.
(b) The natural law.
(c) The ration to love others.
(d) Ability to forgive.

15. According to the introduction, who did Cicero criticize?
(a) Romans that were too "hellenized."
(b) Greeks.
(c) Romans.
(d) The church.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Cicero emphasize in the third and fourth principles in "On Duties"?

2. What were the followers of Aristotle called?

3. According to Cicero, in "On Duties," which of the following will NOT inspire a good ruler's subjects?

4. According to "Discussions at Tusculum," why are evil people always miserable?

5. What are the series of arguments about in "On Duties"?

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