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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Cicero, what is suggested about losing one's happiness?
(a) That it would be easy to regain.
(b) That it would then be valued more.
(c) That it is separate from us.
(d) That it would then be imperfect.

2. When did Cicero do his writing, according to the introduction?
(a) During the 60s B.C.
(b) Between the 60s and early 50s A.D.
(c) Between the late 60s-40s B.C.
(d) Between the 60s and early 50s B.C.

3. Where did Cicero retire during the transition of power in the Roman republic, according to Grant's introduction?
(a) Ireland.
(b) The Mediterranean.
(c) The country.
(d) His castle.

4. What must men have to resolve conflict, according to Cicero in "On Duties"?
(a) Respect.
(b) Resources.
(c) Rulers.
(d) Money.

5. What was the result of Cicero's desire to capture others thought in his writing's?
(a) He was too thoughful.
(b) He was thoughtless.
(c) He was unthoughtful.
(d) He was unoriginal.

6. What is concluded about the achievement of moral goodness, in "Discussions at Tusculum"?
(a) It is unessecary.
(b) It is the only way to achieve happiness.
(c) It is necessary.
(d) It is indifferent to happiness.

7. What does the book reproduced in "On Duties" concern itself with?
(a) Theory of civic dispute.
(b) Theory of civic virtue.
(c) Theory of friendship.
(d) Theory of happiness.

8. What did Cicero believe the result would be if happiness was only achieved by certain goods?
(a) That happiness was unnecessary.
(b) That happiness could only be perfected by possessing imperishable goods.
(c) That happiness was permanent.
(d) That unhappiness did not exist.

9. Who was Dionysius?
(a) The ruler of Rome.
(b) The dictator of Greece.
(c) The dictator of Syracuse.
(d) The ruler of Asia.

10. Which medieval thinker admired Cicero, according to Grant?
(a) Plutarch.
(b) Petrarch.
(c) Dante.
(d) Aquinas.

11. What is essential between two nations, according to Cicero in "On Duties"?
(a) Trade.
(b) Respect.
(c) Money.
(d) Equal power.

12. What are the third and fourth principles concerned with, in "On Duties"?
(a) Taxes.
(b) Dictators.
(c) Love.
(d) Expediency.

13. What did an ancient ethical view believe was necessary for happiness?
(a) Being positive.
(b) Friends.
(c) Stability.
(d) Being true to oneself.

14. According to the introduction, what did Cicero take refuge in after a divorce, fights with friends, and his daughter's death?
(a) Meditation.
(b) Observing nature.
(c) Writing.
(d) Reading.

15. What happens once virtue is acquired, according to Cicero?
(a) It is temporary.
(b) It makes a person good, thus making him happy.
(c) It can not be lost except by free choice.
(d) It is permanent.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the introduction, what is Cicero NOT?

2. Where is the setting of "Discussions at Tusculum"?

3. What are external goods always at risk of, according to Cicero?

4. What did Stoics still think was preferable even if it did not add to happiness?

5. How many miles was the setting of "Discussions at Tusculum" from Cicero's home?

(see the answer keys)

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