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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did Cicero believe the result would be if happiness was only achieved by certain goods?
(a) That happiness was permanent.
(b) That happiness could only be perfected by possessing imperishable goods.
(c) That unhappiness did not exist.
(d) That happiness was unnecessary.

2. What did Stoics still think was preferable even if it did not add to happiness?
(a) Virtues.
(b) Relationships.
(c) External achievement.
(d) Love.

3. What is the purpose of the book "On Duties"?
(a) To challenge its readers.
(b) To inspire its readers.
(c) So statesmen can come to know their duties.
(d) So people will reassess their lives.

4. Who did Cicero influence, according to Grant?
(a) The Italian church.
(b) The Renaissance art.
(c) The modern philosphers.
(d) The children of the time.

5. Where did Cicero retire during the transition of power in the Roman republic, according to Grant's introduction?
(a) Ireland.
(b) The country.
(c) The Mediterranean.
(d) His castle.

6. What must the ruler maintain, according to Cicero?
(a) Balance between powers.
(b) Justice.
(c) Equality before law.
(d) Order.

7. What are external 'bads' considered to be, according to Cicero?
(a) Necessary to happiness.
(b) Preferables.
(c) Unpreferables.
(d) Indifferents.

8. What does Cicero question about virtues in "Discussions at Tusculum"?
(a) If they are necessary to people.
(b) Whether they can make for a supremely happy life.
(c) If they are a tangible or intangible component.
(d) Whether or not they even exist.

9. How does the book of "On Duties" begin?
(a) With a description of its setting.
(b) With a quote.
(c) With the argument that being morally good provides knowledge to our duties.
(d) With a summary of facts.

10. What must men have to resolve conflict, according to Cicero in "On Duties"?
(a) Rulers.
(b) Resources.
(c) Money.
(d) Respect.

11. Who was Cicero worried about, according to the introduction?
(a) His mother's health.
(b) The Roman republic.
(c) His own health.
(d) The Greek republic.

12. According to the introduction, what type of writing style did Cicero sometimes write in?
(a) Journal.
(b) Poetic.
(c) Dialogue.
(d) Essay.

13. Who does Cicero compare Dionysius to?
(a) Dante and Plato.
(b) Plato and Plutarch.
(c) Petrach and Archimedes.
(d) Plato and Archimedes.

14. What are the contents of the book "On Duties" applicable to?
(a) Tyranny.
(b) Friendship.
(c) Jesus.
(d) Present day crisis.

15. What are the series of arguments about in "On Duties"?
(a) They are against liberty.
(b) They are against religion.
(c) They are against confomrity.
(d) They are against tyranny.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does the Greek philosophy believe about the good life, according to "Discussions at Tusculum"?

2. What dictatorships does Cicero oppose in "On Duties"?

3. According to Grant, what did Cicero believe every human had to make them equal?

4. In "On Duties," how will rulers win goodwill?

5. What type of governmental system does Cicero prefer?

(see the answer keys)

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