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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did Cicero believe applied to every human, according to Grant?
(a) The golden rule.
(b) The ration to love others.
(c) Ability to forgive.
(d) The natural law.

2. Who does Grant say took over power in the Roman Republic during Cicero's writing?
(a) Crassus.
(b) Cassius.
(c) Caesar.
(d) Julius.

3. What type of governmental system does Cicero prefer?
(a) Where the ruler gives to his community.
(b) Where no one is taxed.
(c) Where men elect their ruler.
(d) Where the ruler is morally good.

4. According to the introduction, what protestant thinkers was Cicero popular among?
(a) Luther.
(b) Pope Gregory.
(c) Melancthon.
(d) Luther and Melancthon.

5. What did Cicero believe the result would be if happiness was only achieved by certain goods?
(a) That happiness was unnecessary.
(b) That happiness could only be perfected by possessing imperishable goods.
(c) That happiness was permanent.
(d) That unhappiness did not exist.

6. According to Cicero, what will breed resentment in a ruler's subjects?
(a) Theft.
(b) Dishonor.
(c) Unjust behavior.
(d) Power.

7. According to Cicero, in "On Duties," what does he feel is more effective in inspiring confidence?
(a) Praise.
(b) Justice.
(c) Love.
(d) Goodwill.

8. According to Cicero, what is suggested about losing one's happiness?
(a) That it would then be imperfect.
(b) That it is separate from us.
(c) That it would be easy to regain.
(d) That it would then be valued more.

9. Who was Cicero worried about, according to the introduction?
(a) The Greek republic.
(b) His mother's health.
(c) His own health.
(d) The Roman republic.

10. According to Cicero, how was the Stoics view counter-intuitive?
(a) It contradicts Cicero's opinions.
(b) It denounces material importance.
(c) It denounces relationship importance.
(d) This view suggests one can be happy with no external or bodily goods.

11. When did Cicero do his writing, according to the introduction?
(a) During the 60s B.C.
(b) Between the late 60s-40s B.C.
(c) Between the 60s and early 50s A.D.
(d) Between the 60s and early 50s B.C.

12. According to "On Duties," how do people find theft by the state?
(a) Unjust.
(b) Necessary.
(c) Outrageous.
(d) Absurd.

13. What were the followers of Aristotle called?
(a) Aristocracy's.
(b) Aristotlians.
(c) Aristotle's followers.
(d) Peripatetics.

14. In "On Duties," what will wise rulers win from their subjects?
(a) Fear.
(b) Respect.
(c) Love.
(d) Affection.

15. According to the introduction, who did Cicero criticize?
(a) Romans that were too "hellenized."
(b) Romans.
(c) The church.
(d) Greeks.

Short Answer Questions

1. What are neutral things considered to be, according to Cicero?

2. What did Cicero believe the Roman republic should behave like?

3. What is the purpose of the book "On Duties"?

4. What is essential between two nations, according to Cicero in "On Duties"?

5. Who does Cicero compare Dionysius to?

(see the answer keys)

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