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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Authenticity of Renaissance paintings can be difficult to prove due to what habit of the era's painters?
(a) They did not sign their work.
(b) They did not believe in auteurism.
(c) They all painted using similar styles.
(d) They never worked alone.

2. During Savonarola's rule of Florence, a militia of what was organized to police the streets and to enforce moral righteousness?
(a) Young boys.
(b) Monks.
(c) Clerics.
(d) Flagellants.

3. How did Florence save itself from plunder by Cesare Borgia and his armies?
(a) Officials promised loyalty in perpetuity.
(b) The city's merchants promised a percentage of their sales.
(c) Officials paid an annual bribe.
(d) The city's army defeated the forces with cannon fire.

4. In 2009, technicians were able to use infrared imaging techniques in order to expose what hidden piece of Leonardo's first version of Virgin of the Rocks?
(a) Three wise men who had been removed from the final piece.
(b) Three prophets who had been removed from the final piece.
(c) A second painting under the first.
(d) An underdrawing used to compose the painting.

5. In the world of the Renaissance, what did a white ermine represent?
(a) Style.
(b) Elegance.
(c) Purity.
(d) Wrath.

Short Answer Questions

1. Whose work on shadows did Leonardo study?

2. According to Walter Isaacson, what was the paramount theme in Leonardo's art?

3. When Leonardo made an inventory of clothes he had stored inside a trunk, whose clothes were listed as being intermingled with his own?

4. When Leonardo moved back to Florence in 1500, in what type of location did he take up residence?

5. Leonardo insisted that all boundaries within both art and nature were what?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the significance of Leonardo's depiction of the human frontal sinus?

2. Though Leonardo had completed the central part of his painting Saint Anne by 1503, he did not give it to the party who had commissioned it. What did he do with it instead?

3. When Leonardo moved to Milan in 1482, what did he discover about the study of anatomy in that location?

4. What are the two possibilities concerning the angel's identity within the painting Virgin of the Rocks?

5. How did Leonardo use his knowledge of geology to inform his painting of Virgin of the Rocks?

6. When Leonardo returned to Florence in 1500, how had Florence changed in the time he had been away?

7. On whom was the painting Lady with an Ermine based?

8. In one of Leonardo's notebooks, he professed his intention to understand what he called universale misura del huomo. What did Leonardo mean by this?

9. For how long did Leonardo live in Florence upon his return there in 1500 and where did he live?

10. What reasons did Leonardo have for always wanting to portray portrait subjects facing the viewer or in three-quarters view, contrary to the customary profile pose?

(see the answer keys)

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