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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The four universal conditions of men, according to Leonardo, were mirth, weeping, fighting, and what?
(a) Anger.
(b) Misery.
(c) Melancholy.
(d) Labor.

2. Cesare Borgia became the first man in history to perform what action?
(a) Resign from the cardinalate.
(b) Lead an army wearing clerical robes.
(c) Prosecute an artist for not producing purchased work.
(d) Defend the Vatican from attack.

3. In 2009, technicians were able to use infrared imaging techniques in order to expose what hidden piece of Leonardo's first version of Virgin of the Rocks?
(a) An underdrawing used to compose the painting.
(b) Three prophets who had been removed from the final piece.
(c) Three wise men who had been removed from the final piece.
(d) A second painting under the first.

4. Leonardo wrote that "Painting is based on perspective and perspective is nothing else than the thorough knowledge of the function of the" (274) what?
(a) The universe.
(b) The eye.
(c) The divine.
(d) The world.

5. The fashions worn by the subject of Lady with an Ermine became fashionable in Milan in 1489 when Gian Galeazzo Sforza was married to whom?
(a) Catherine of Aragon.
(b) The Duchess of Cypress.
(c) Lucrezia Borgia.
(d) Isabella of Aragon.

6. In the mid-1490s, Leonardo halted his study of anatomy, and would not return to the subject for how many years?
(a) 30.
(b) 20.
(c) 10.
(d) 5.

7. From whom did Isabella borrow a portrait by Leonardo so that she could decide which artist should paint her portrait?
(a) Salai.
(b) Cecilia Gallerina.
(c) Lucrezia Borgia.
(d) Ludovico Borgia.

8. The most basic anatomical knowledge for a painter is the study of what?
(a) Muscles.
(b) Ligaments.
(c) Bones.
(d) Tendons.

9. While the study of anatomy was pursued primarily by artists in Florence, the study of anatomy in Milan was undertaken mostly by what group of people?
(a) Medical scholars.
(b) Sculptors.
(c) Doctors.
(d) Clerics.

10. What type of paint did Leonardo use to create the work entitled Lady with an Ermine?
(a) Lead.
(b) Watercolor.
(c) Oil.
(d) Tempera.

11. The center of medical research in Milan during the Renaissance was what university?
(a) The University of Sannio.
(b) The University of Bologna.
(c) The University of Pavia.
(d) The University of Catania.

12. During his prolonged study of optics, Leonardo dissected the eyes of humans and what other animal?
(a) Cows.
(b) Cats.
(c) Pigs.
(d) Horses.

13. One of Leonardo's most famous lost paintings is entitled Lena and the what?
(a) Albatross.
(b) Peacock.
(c) Swan.
(d) Dove.

14. When Leonardo entered the service of Cesare Borgia at the age of 50, how old was Cesare Borgia?
(a) 40.
(b) 35.
(c) 21.
(d) 26.

15. When Leonardo went to Venice in 1500 in order to offer military advice to defend against a threatened invasion, which country was threatening to invade Venice?
(a) Turkey.
(b) Egypt.
(c) Austria.
(d) France.

Short Answer Questions

1. Leonardo's initial anatomy studies of 1489 focused on what part of the body?

2. What was Leonardo's main reason for studying anatomy?

3. Santissima Annunziata had a library with how many volumes of books?

4. Leonardo was the first person to correctly depict what aspect of the human body?

5. The drawing entitled Head of a Young Woman is an "exquisite example of Leonardo's use of" what "to create shadows and texture"? (234)

(see the answer keys)

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