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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What role did Leonardo inhabit upon his arrival to the court of Ludovico Sforza?
(a) An engineer.
(b) A portraitist.
(c) A producer of pageants.
(d) A fashion designer.

2. What was the name of Leonardo's mother?
(a) Lucrezia.
(b) Antonia.
(c) Caterina.
(d) Piera.

3. In what year did Johannes Gutenberg begin selling Bibles created on his newly-invented printing press?
(a) 1501.
(b) 1452.
(c) 1348.
(d) 1489.

4. Which European city had the greatest percentage of literate citizens in 1472?
(a) Barcelona.
(b) Berlin.
(c) Milan.
(d) Florence.

5. What is the term for the technique that uses contrasts of light and shadow in order to achieve the appearance of three dimensions in a two-dimensional work?
(a) Stippling.
(b) Staccato.
(c) Chiaroscuro.
(d) Juxtaposition.

6. During the 70 years following the creation of The Officers of the Night in 1432, an average of how many men per year were accused of sodomy?
(a) 400.
(b) 1,100.
(c) 200.
(d) 800.

7. Tempera paints were used by artists in Italy prior to the arrival of oil painting. Oil painting came to Italy from what country?
(a) Germany.
(b) Switzerland.
(c) The Netherlands.
(d) Belgium.

8. What was the function of the official known as a count palatine?
(a) To award custody of children to non-related legal guardians.
(b) To assess a child's ability to enter a particular trade.
(c) To enact the legal process of legitimizing children.
(d) To mediate local disputes between citizens.

9. How was the model of Leonardo's horse monument destroyed in 1499?
(a) Heavy rains degraded its foundation.
(b) French archers used it for target practice.
(c) Vandals smashed it under cover of night.
(d) It burnt to the ground.

10. In what year did Leonardo and Francesco travel to Pavia to observe and translate the manuscript of Vitruvius?
(a) 1462.
(b) 1490.
(c) 1498.
(d) 1477.

11. Walter Isaacson states that Leonardo's Vitruvian Man perfectly symbolizes the ideal of what?
(a) Aesthetic beauty.
(b) Humanism.
(c) Individuality.
(d) Science.

12. What is the term for the technique Leonardo invented that sought to blend shadows and lights so that no borders or lines were apparent?
(a) Sgraffito.
(b) Blocking.
(c) Sfumato.
(d) Glazing.

13. While the horse monument was never completed, Leonardo did complete a model of the monument out of what material?
(a) Plaster.
(b) Papier mache.
(c) Clay.
(d) Aluminum.

14. Leonardo believed that deep observation must be done in what manner?
(a) Improvisationally.
(b) In steps.
(c) In a group.
(d) Quickly.

15. What item of clothing did Leonardo insist upon wearing, even though it was antithetical to the fashions of the time?
(a) An ascot.
(b) Breeches.
(c) A knee-length cloak.
(d) Cunibert shoes.

Short Answer Questions

1. Leonardo's first studies of flight were completed as a means to create which type of art?

2. What position was held by legitimate first-born sons in Leonardo's family, stretching back at least five generations?

3. During the 70 years following the creation of The Officers of the Night in 1432, an average of how many men per year were convicted of sodomy and were sentenced to prison, exile, or death?

4. In the late years of what decade did Leonardo begin to devise contraptions that would enable human flight?

5. At one point Leonardo "listed the many practical applications that could come from harnessing the power of" (192) what river?

(see the answer keys)

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