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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Within the span of a few months, all of the following events occur except:

2. While the people of Gaul recover from the war between the Roman Empire and the Germans, Julian:

3. Julian's public observance of Epiphany is notable because:

4. Julian is drawn to Gregory and Basil because:

5. Julian desires to use his authority as Augustus to influence the Romans to restore:

Short Essay Questions

1. As a youngster, Julian expresses awareness of his own mortality and even fear for his life. Why?

2. What does Gallus' treatment of Hilarius show about his character? What does Julian's reaction to the Hilarius incident reveal about his character?

3. Describe Julian's relationship with his father. How does he know his father loves him?

4. Julian meets Macrina and her uncle, Prohaeresius, while he is in Athens. What role do these two individuals play in Julian's life?

5. After a few weeks in Athens, Julian is recalled to Italy by his cousin, Augustus Constantius. What is his reaction to being recalled? Why? Why does he think Constantius may be out to get him at this point?

6. How does Julian deal with his religious doubts, questions and qualms?

7. Once he is appointed Caesar, Julian is immediately sent to Gaul. Constantius surrounds him with spies and men loyal to the Augustus and does not give him much in the way of military or political support. How does Julian deal with this situation?

8. Describe Julian's initiation into the mysteries of Eleusis. Who initiates him and what are some of the initiation rites?

9. Julian often claims that he dislikes the ritual, etiquette and intrigue of the royal court, that he does not seek to acquire rank or power, and that he longs only to become a scholar. Do you think this is true? Give evidence for your answer/

10. Who is Sosipatra and what effect does she have on Julian's life?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explore the evolution of Julian's feelings about Christianity. Why do you think his attitude changes and becomes so negative? Is there anything else going on within him or around him that would influence him to become anti-Christian?

Essay Topic 2

Hellenism involves the practice of ritual sacrifice as a way of acknowledging, appeasing, thanking or honoring the powers that be. Do some research on the practice of ritual sacrifice as it is practiced in Hellenism and also as it occurs in other cultures/religions. What purpose does sacrifice serve in Julian's mind? What does this aspect of Hellenism reveal about Julian and about his faith?

Essay Topic 3

Several differing points of view are presented in the story of Julian. Julian, Libanius and Priscus serve as narrators at various times in the story and they see some events differently. Compare and contrast their points of view. Why does the author include differing points of view? How does this contribute to the texture of the story? Which point of view represents the truth or the most accurate historical perspective?

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