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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Julian and his servant , Callistus, pursue a group of retreating Persian warriors. When they return:
(a) Priscus is already writing his account of the battle.
(b) Maximus is calling for surrender.
(c) Julian is wounded.
(d) Julian and Callistus are both wounded.

2. Julian proposes burning his own ships so that:
(a) The troops are not distracted by the need to protect the ships.
(b) The vermin in the vessels are eliminated.
(c) They do not have to transport the ships overland.
(d) His men are not tempted to retreat.

3. Salatius warns Julian that the troops are singing a song about:
(a) Returning home without him.
(b) The gods favoring Persia to win the war.
(c) The beautiful, desirable women of Persia.
(d) His deaf-mute servant.

4. According to Priscus, the omens for the military campaign are:
(a) Unclear.
(b) Confusing.
(c) Negative.
(d) Positive.

5. When Julian gives orders for the army to head north, it is a sign that they are headed:
(a) Into Gaul.
(b) Back to Rome.
(c) Towards Macedonia.
(d) For defeat.

Short Answer Questions

1. Maximus and his wife make a pact concerning:

2. After Julian becomes emperor, Priscus notices a change in his temperament. Priscus describes Julian as becoming:

3. Julian's general, Salutius, asks him to wait a week before pressing on with the military campaign. In a week's time, Salaius hopes that:

4. When the senate does not ratify and obey his edict, Julian:

5. It is in Maiozamalcha that Julian finds the boy who becomes his servant. The boy is:

Short Essay Questions

1. Describe the scene of the battle near Ctesiphon the next day. What does Julian do during the battle? What does he do immediately after the battle?

2. In his memoirs and his journal, Julian insists that his army and the people love him, that he goes to great lengths to avoid confrontation and do right by the populace, and that his ascension to power is due to the will of the people. Some of these recollections are rather self-serving. Describe some examples of these recollections.

3. Describe the incidence of Helena's death.

4. Priscus, for one, takes a different viewpoint about Julian's popularity and his claims that he is beloved by the army and the people of Rome. What does Priscus say to Libanius about Julian's public image at the time of his ascension to Augustus?

5. What is Constantius' response when Julian is acclaimed Augustus by the people? What does he do? How do you think he feels?

6. Describe the situation when Julian enters Persia at the start of the campaign when Julian, his generals and the troops first reach the Euphrates River.

7. What happens during the year of the famine in Antioch? Who is responsible for the famine? Who is blamed?

8. How does Julian react when the signs and messages from the deities are not what he wants to hear?

9. When Julian's army and the general populace begin calling for Julian to become Augustus, he seems unsure how to react. Do you think he wants to become Augustus or not? Why does he seem to act so coy about the people's call?

10. Julian travels overland to Antioch stopping in various towns along the way. What reason does he give for the journey and what does Julian hope to accomplish by visiting the towns en route?

(see the answer keys)

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