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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. After a key battle against the Persian army, Julian becomes angry when his sacrifice goes awry, and vows:
(a) To sharpen his knife.
(b) To double the sacrifice next time.
(c) To ask God's forgiveness for his transgressions.
(d) Never to sacrifice to Aries, the god of war, again.

2. According to this person, Julian's account is somewhat erroneous and self-serving:
(a) Callistus.
(b) Orabasius.
(c) Maximus.
(d) Priscus.

3. Julian's army meets up with the Persian army in Section XX, near:
(a) Ctesiphon.
(b) Cairo.
(c) Addis Ababa.
(d) Anatha.

4. Julian relies on his financial adviser to advise him on how to deal with shortages caused by the famine. This adviser's name is:
(a) Felix.
(b) Maximus.
(c) Jovian.
(d) Oribasius.

5. Julian's troops enter Persia and make camp at this river:
(a) The Euphrates River.
(b) The Jordan River.
(c) The Tigris River.
(d) The Nile River.

Short Answer Questions

1. Libanius seeks to secure ______ for Cimon for many years.

2. Libanius eventually learns that it is ______ who kills Julian.

3. Julian claims to support religious freedom, but he clearly favors:

4. The oracle that Oribasius consults states that Julian is destined:

5. Before engaging in battle with the Persian troops, Julian takes a day off for:

Short Essay Questions

1. Priscus, for one, takes a different viewpoint about Julian's popularity and his claims that he is beloved by the army and the people of Rome. What does Priscus say to Libanius about Julian's public image at the time of his ascension to Augustus?

2. In his memoirs and his journal, Julian insists that his army and the people love him, that he goes to great lengths to avoid confrontation and do right by the populace, and that his ascension to power is due to the will of the people. Some of these recollections are rather self-serving. Describe some examples of these recollections.

3. Describe Julian's lifestyle after he becomes Augustus.

4. Julian has grown more and more enamored with belief in the Hellenistic gods and more distant from Christianity. His dislike of Christian holidays is well known. Why does he publicly celebrate Epiphany?

5. Describe the situation when Julian enters Persia at the start of the campaign when Julian, his generals and the troops first reach the Euphrates River.

6. Shortly after the battle of Ctesiphon, Julian is wounded in another battle when he is pierced in the side by a spear. Describe the incident and tell what the outcome is.

7. What is Constantius' response when Julian is acclaimed Augustus by the people? What does he do? How do you think he feels?

8. After Constantius dies and his will is read, Julian's position as Augustus is solidified and validated. How? What is the first thing Julian does to demonstrate his power?

9. Throughout his life, Julian is influenced and makes decisions based on signs, omens and dreams. At one point, he dreams about a tree. Describe this dream and his interpretation of it.

10. Once he is Augustus, how does Julian display his disdain for Christianity?

(see the answer keys)

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