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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to this person, Julian's account is somewhat erroneous and self-serving:
(a) Priscus.
(b) Orabasius.
(c) Maximus.
(d) Callistus.

2. Julian is pierced in the side with a spear. When the doctors examine Julian's wound, they say:
(a) The spear tip contains poison.
(b) One should never go into battle without adequate armor.
(c) There is nothing to be done and he dies.
(d) It is a minor scratch.

3. When the senate does not ratify and obey his edict, Julian:
(a) Has the entire senate arrested.
(b) Filibusters until the senators grow weary and give in.
(c) Dismisses all the opposition senators.
(d) Has three senators publicly flogged.

4. Towards the end of Julian's campaign in Persia, although he continues to base many of his decisions on signs and omens, Julian:
(a) Prays daily to God and goes to confession regularly.
(b) No longer celebrates Christian holidays.
(c) Seems angry that the deities abandon him.
(d) Still espouses freedom of religion.

5. After a key battle against the Persian army, Julian becomes angry when his sacrifice goes awry, and vows:
(a) To ask God's forgiveness for his transgressions.
(b) To sharpen his knife.
(c) To double the sacrifice next time.
(d) Never to sacrifice to Aries, the god of war, again.

Short Answer Questions

1. Julian describes Christianity as:

2. Near Maiozamalcha, Julian and a small scouting party encounter:

3. Julian expresses doubts about the outcome of the Persian campaign to:

4. Libanius seeks to secure ______ for Cimon for many years.

5. The army's reaction to Julian's religious decrees can best be described as:

Short Essay Questions

1. After Constantius dies and his will is read, Julian's position as Augustus is solidified and validated. How? What is the first thing Julian does to demonstrate his power?

2. Julian travels overland to Antioch stopping in various towns along the way. What reason does he give for the journey and what does Julian hope to accomplish by visiting the towns en route?

3. The relationship between Julian and Eusebia is never really made clear. Describe what you know about this relationship.

4. Several things happen that suggest to Julian that his death may be imminent. Cite some of these occurrences. What does Julian think about these incidents and how does he react?

5. Describe the scene of the battle near Ctesiphon the next day. What does Julian do during the battle? What does he do immediately after the battle?

6. What happens during the year of the famine in Antioch? Who is responsible for the famine? Who is blamed?

7. Once he is Augustus, how does Julian display his disdain for Christianity?

8. How does Julian really feel about religion at the time of his ascension to the position of Augustus?

9. How does Julian deal with the famine in Antioch?

10. Julian claims to be tolerant of different religions. Why does he feel compelled to attempt to initiate religious upheaval among the Romans and convert them from Christianity to Hellenism? What makes him think he can succeed at this monumental task?

(see the answer keys)

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