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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. In Chapter 7, Hebdige focuses on something and how it affects the definition of a subculture. What is it that he focuses on?

2. According to George Jackson, what is true of the Master's tongue?

3. Of the following, who does Hebdige say finds value in everything except for those things "signified by the hollow men of mass culture"?

4. With regard to working class aesthetics, which of the following subcultures did the Punks offend?

5. Which of the following does Hebdige mention as an aesthetic of mass culture?

Short Essay Questions

1. What factor of the white culture does George Jackson believe is an example of injustice to the black culture?

2. According to Chapter 6, what is the relationship between the mass culture and subcultures?

3. How does Hebdige say Punkers' desire to be different sometimes affects them?

4. How does Hebdige feel about the relationship of a common object's intended use and its actual use?

5. What does Hebdige say about the existence of subcultures?

6. What is Hebdige's thought on Skinheads and how they portray a masculine outlook?

7. In Hebdige's words, what causes George Jackson to think the way he does about black cultures?

8. According to Hebdige, how do Punkers affect mass media?

9. Who does Hebdige say has a major affect on defining subcultures to the public?

10. At what point in the book did Hebdige come to his conclusion about style?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Compare and contrast the black and white subcultures listed in the book. Do a general comparison and contrast as well as use specific examples from the subcultures mentioned.

Essay Topic 2

The author says its more important to understand the historical context of a subculture than the "familiar rites of passage associated with the transition from childhood to maturity." Discuss the historical context of the Punk, Reggae, Rastafarian, 1950's Teddy Boys, and 1970's Teddy Boys subcultures. Give specific information noted in the text.

Essay Topic 3

What does the author say about the participants within black subcultures vs. those of white subcultures? Do the subcultures consist primarily of one age group? Why? Is participation in these subcultures likely to change? If so, why? When?

(see the answer keys)

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