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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What policy of Peter the Great's had spawned the intelligentsia?
(a) Peter the Great acted as a patron of the arts and initiated a Renaissance in Russian arts and letters.
(b) Peter the Great invested heavily in bringing European intellectuals to Russia.
(c) Peter the Great instituted land reforms and made education more affordable to Russian peasants.
(d) Peter the Great sent the sons of aristocrats to Europe for education.

2. Which thinker affected Herzen?
(a) Plato.
(b) Marx.
(c) Hume.
(d) Hegel.

3. Whom did Bakunin inspire during his travels?
(a) Swiss watchmakers.
(b) The French bourgeoisie.
(c) Italian laborers.
(d) German revolutionaries.

4. What insight did Herzen value in the thinkers who influenced him?
(a) He liked the idea of a total divinity that determined every detail of the universe.
(b) He liked the idea of a spiritual core to human society.
(c) He liked the notion of a godless world motivated by individual actions.
(d) He liked the concept of a clocklike divinity and an ordered universe.

5. How did the Tsar's political stance change after the Decembrist rebellion?
(a) He stepped down.
(b) He adopted a series of reforms.
(c) He moved away from reform.
(d) He abandoned tradition.

Short Answer Questions

1. What does Berlin say is underestimated in Tolstoy's legacy?

2. How did the Intelligentsia see their role in society?

3. What mistake did Tsar Nicholas I make about European universities?

4. How does Berlin describe the state of Russian culture in the mid-1800s?

5. Who was the Tsar following the Decembrist rebellion?

Short Essay Questions

1. How did Tsar Nicholas respond to the European revolutions of 1848?

2. In what ways does Berlin see Tolstoy's experience as representative of Russian culture?

3. What example does Tolstoy use to explain why human beings cannot know all the actions and causes that affect their experiences?

4. What were the three accomplishments of the intellectuals who rose to prominence in the 1830s and 40s?

5. How did Bakunin differ from Stankevich in his application of Hegelian ideas?

6. What did "intelligentsia" mean in Russia, where the term was coined?

7. Describe the main ideas of Hegel's that influenced Herzen.

8. What do foxes and hedgehogs represent in Archilochus' adage, and how does Berlin apply the distinction to Russian thinkers?

9. What conspiracy group did the Second of April Committee unveil, and what was the result of the trial?

10. Which Russian intellectuals did Pavel Annenkov describe in his memoirs?

(see the answer keys)

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