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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. How does Berlin describe Bakunin?
(a) As a shy aesthete.
(b) As a magnetic popularizer of other people's theories.
(c) As a highly original thinker.
(d) As a revolutionary filled with promise of his convictions.

2. What as Alexander Herzen's employment?
(a) He was an education minister.
(b) He was an effective publicist.
(c) He was a famous playwright.
(d) He was a censor in the government.

3. Who was Mikhail Bakunin's mentor?
(a) Fyodor Dostoevsky.
(b) Vissarion Belinksy.
(c) Nicholas Stankevich.
(d) Pavel Annenkov.

4. Which of the following describes Russian censorship during the middle of the nineteenth century?
(a) Censors persecuted the families of authors.
(b) Censors looked for subversive ideas.
(c) Censors told writers what to write.
(d) Censors intimidated writers who wrote subversive material.

5. What idea captured the imagination of the Russian intelligentsia?
(a) The pragmatic notion that industrial development requires the scientific application of social theories.
(b) The Romantic notion that each human society has an organic unity.
(c) The idea of racial purity and positive eugenics.
(d) The jingoistic notion that the soul of a people is visible in its arts and industry.

Short Answer Questions

1. What forces dominated Herzen's world?

2. What value came first for Herzen?

3. How did Herzen and Bakunin express the value they shared?

4. How does Berlin describe conservative Romantics?

5. Whom did Bakunin inspire during his travels?

Short Essay Questions

1. Where in Europe were there revolutions in 1848?

2. What influence did censors have on Russian intellectuals and literature?

3. Describe the main ideas of Hegel's that influenced Herzen.

4. What saying of Schelling's represents the relationship of artists to their times in Russian ideology of the mid-nineteenth century?

5. What did Russian students learn in German universities?

6. How did the revolutions of 1848 affect western European intellectuals and Russians differently?

7. Name some of the thinkers who influenced Herzen's thinking.

8. How did Tsar Nicholas respond to the European revolutions of 1848?

9. What did "intelligentsia" mean in Russia, where the term was coined?

10. What example does Tolstoy use to explain why human beings cannot know all the actions and causes that affect their experiences?

(see the answer keys)

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