The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
1. What is Orthography?
The science and art of the Letters of
a language.
2. Of what does Orthography treat?
The nature and power of letters, and correct
spelling.
3. From what is the word Orthography
derived?
Two Greek words, signifying “To
write right.”
4. What is a Letter?
A character used to represent an elementary
sound, or combination
of
sounds.
5. What is an Alphabet of a Language?
A complete list of its letters.
6. What is the origin of the word Alphabet?
It is derived from the first two letters
of the Greek Alphabet:
Alpha
and Beta.
7. Where did the Alphabet originate?
The English comes from the Greek, which
was brought by Cadmus from
Phoenicia,
about the year 1490 B.C.
8. What was the first Alphabet ever
used?
The Hebrew.
9 How many letters were in the original
Alphabet?
Sixteen.
10. Where did the other letters originate?
They have been added since the time of
Cadmus, as their use became
necessary.
11. What was the last letter added
to the English Alphabet?
W.
12. Why was it called W?
On account of it being composed of two
u’s, or a double u.
13. How many letters in the English
Alphabet?
Twenty-six.
14. How many in the Latin Alphabet?
Twenty-five.
15. What is the difference between
the Latin Alphabet and the
English?
The Latin omits the letter W.
16. What Alphabet has the greatest
number of letters?
The Chinese.
17. How many letters in the Chinese
Alphabet?
Over two hundred.
18. What is a Perfect Alphabet?
One which contains the same number of
letters that it has
elementary
sounds.
19. Is the English a perfect Alphabet?
It is not.
20. How many Elementary sounds in the
English Language?
About forty-three.
21. What is an Imperfect Alphabet?
One in which the number of sounds exceeds
the number of letters.
22. What is an Equivocal Alphabet?
An Imperfect one.
23. What is an Unequivocal Alphabet?
Same as Perfect.
24. Is the English Alphabet Equivocal
or Unequivocal?
Equivocal.
25. What is a Univocal Alphabet?
One that has a separate character for
each elementary sound.
26. What is an Alphabetic Language?
A language in which the characters represent
separate articulate
sounds.
27. What is a Phonetic Alphabet?
One in which there is a separate character
for each elementary
sound.
28. Is there any Phonetic Alphabet
of the English Language?
There have been several published, but
they are not in general use.
29. How many letters in the English
Phonetic Alphabet?
Forty-three.
30. What is the name of a Letter?
The appellation by which it is known.
31. What is the difference between
a Letter and its Name?
The letter is the character, and the name
is its appellation.
32. What Letters name themselves?
The vowels A, E, I, O, and U.
33. How are the Letters divided?
Into Vowels and Consonants.
34. What are Vowels?
Those letters which represent only pure
tones.
35. Name all the Vowels.
A, E, I, O, U, and in some situations
W and Y.
36. What is a Consonant?
A letter that represents an interruption
of sound or breath.
37. Why called Consonants?
Because they cannot be used alone in a
word, but must be connected
with
a Vowel.
38. How many kinds of Consonants are
there?
Two; single Letters and Combinations.
39. Name the Consonant letters.
B, C, D, F, G, H, J, K, L, M, N, P, Q,
R, S, T, V, W, X, Y, and Z.
40. Name the Consonant Combinations.
Th, Sh, Ch, Zh, Wh, and Ng.
41. Name the two Orders of the Consonants.
Mutes and Semi-vowels.
42. What are Mutes?
Those letters which admit of no escape
of breath while the organs
of
speech are in contact.
43. Name the Mutes.
B, D, K, P, T, and C and G hard.
44. What other term is often applied
to the Mutes?
Close Consonant.
45. What are Semi-vowels?
Those letters that admit of an escape
of breath while the organs
of
speech are in contact.
46. Name the Semi-vowels.
F, H, J, L, M, N, R, S, V, W, X, Y, Z,
and C and G soft.
47. Are the Combinations Mutes or Semi-vowels?
They are all Semi-vowels.
48. What letters are called Nasals?
M, N, and Ng.
49. What other term is often applied
to the Semi-vowels?
Loose Consonant.
50. What letters are called Liquids?
L, M, N, and R.
51. Why are the Liquids so called?
Because of their flowing sound, which
readily unites with the
sound
of other letters.
52. What are Sibilants?
Letters which have a hissing sound; as,
S and Z.
53. What letter is called the Mute
Sibilant?
The letter X.
54. What letters represent no sound
of their own?
C, Q, and X.
55. What are these letters called?
Redundant letters.
56. Why are they so named?
Because they are not necessary for the
completion of the Alphabet.
57. By what letters are the sounds
of C represented?
K and S.
58. What letters represent the sound
of Q?
Kw.
59. What letters represent the sound
X?
Ks.
60. What letters of themselves form
words?
A, I, and O.
61. Spell all of the Consonants.
Bee, Cee, Dee, Eff, Gee, Aitch, Jay, Kay,
Ell, Em, En, Pee,
Kw,
Ar, Ess, Tee, Vee, Double-u, Ex, Wy, and Zee.—Goold
Brown.
62. What letters are called the Twins?
Q and U.
63. Why so called?
Because Q is always followed by U in English
spelling.
64. Is there any exception to this
rule?
The word LEECLERCQ is sometimes given
as an example, but in
English
it is spelled LEECLERC.
65. What is meant by style of letters?
Different type; as, Roman, Script, Italics,
etc.
66. How many forms have letters?
Two.
67. What are they?
Small letters and Capitals.
68. What are the Natural Divisions
of Consonants?
Subvocals and Aspirates.
69. What are Subvocals?
Those Consonants which produce an undertone
of voice when their
sounds
are uttered.
70. Name the Subvocals.
B, D, G hard; J and G soft; L, M, N, R,
V, W, Y, Z, Zh, and Ng.
71. What are Aspirates?
Mere whispers made by the organs of speech
and breath.
72. Name the Aspirates.
C, F, H, K, P, Q, S, T, X, Ch, Sh, and
Wh.
73. What Combination is both Aspirate
and Subvocal?
Th.
74. What are Cognate letters?
Those which are produced by the same organs
of speech in a similar
position.
75. Give an example of a Cognate letter.
D is a cognate of T.
76. What are Quiescent letters?
Those that are silent.
77. How many uses have Silent letters?
Five.
78. What are they?
To modify vowels; to modify consonants;
to determine
signification;
to determine origin; and to distinguish
words
of like signification.
79. What are Explodents?
Those letters whose sound cannot be prolonged.
80. Name the Explodents.
B, D, G, J, P, Q, T, and K.
81. What are the principle organs of
speech?
Lips, teeth, tongue, and palate.
82. What is meant by Organical division
of the consonants?
Pertaining to those particular organs
used in their pronunciation.
83. Name the Organical divisions.
Labials, Dentals, Linguals, and Palatals.
84. What are Labials?
Those letters whose sounds are modified
by the lips.
85. Name them.
B, F, M, P, V, W, and Wh.
86. What are Dentals?
Those letters whose sounds are modified
by the teeth.
87. Name them.
J, S, Z, Ch, Sh, Zh, C and G soft.
88. What are Linguals?
Those letters whose sounds are modified
by the tongue.
89. Name them.
D, L, N, R, T, Y, and Th.
90. What are Palatals?
Those letters whose sounds are modified
by the palate.
91. Name them.
K, Q, X, Ng, C and G hard.
92. What letters have no Organical
classification?
H, and all the vowels.
93. What is an Aphthong?
A silent letter or combination.
94. How many kinds of Aphthongs?
Three.
95. What are they?
Vowels, Consonants, and Combinations.
96. What letters are never silent?
F, J, Q, R, and X.
97. In what words is V silent?
Sevennight and twelvemonth.
98. In what word is Z silent?
Rendezvous.
99. What letters are never doubled?
X and H.
100. How many words contain all the
vowels in regular order?
Two.
101. What are they?
Abstemious and Facetious.
102. What is a Diphthong?
Two vowels sounded together in the same
syllable.
103. Name the Diphthongs.
Ou, Ow, Oi, and Oy.
104. How many sounds do they represent?
Two.
105. What are the sounds called?
Diphthongal sounds.
106. How many kinds of Diphthongs are
there?
Two.
107. What are they?
Separable and Inseparable.
108. Which ones are Separable?
Oi and Oy.
109. What is an Improper Diphthong?
The union of two vowels in a syllable,
one of which is silent.
110. By what other name are they known?
Digraph.
111. How many Digraphs are there?
Twenty-five.
112. Name them.
Aa, Ae, Ai, Ao, Au, Aw, Ay, Ea, Ee, Ei,
Eo, Eu, Ew, Ey, Ie, Oa,
Oe,
Oi, Oo, Ou, Ow, Ua, Ue, Ui, and Uy.
113. What is a Trigraph?
A union of three vowels in one syllable,
two of which are silent,
or
all three representing one sound.
114. How many Trigraphs are there?
Eight.
115. Name them.
Awe, Aye, Eau, Eou, Eye, Ieu, Iew, and
Uoi.
116. What is a Tetragraph?
Union of four vowels in one syllable.
117. How many Tetragraphs are there?
One.
118. What is it?
Ueue in the word Queue.
119. May the terms Digraph, etc., be
used with the Consonants?
They may.
120. Give example of Consonant Digraph.
Gh, in the word laugh.
121. Give example of Consonant Trigraph.
Thr, in the word throw.
122. Give example of Consonant Tetragraph.
Phth, in the word phthisic.
123. What is a regular Triphthong?
A vowel trigraph in which all three of
the vowels are sounded.
124. Give an example.
Quoit.
ORTHOEPY.
1. What is Orthoepy?
That science which treats of the elementary
sounds and the
pronunciation
of words.
2. What is Phonology?
The science of the elementary sounds uttered
by the human voice in
speech.
3. What is an Elementary sound?
One that cannot be divided so as to be
represented by two or more
letters.
4. What is Sound?
A sensation produced on the auditory nerve
by the rapid vibratory
motion
of any elastic substance.
5. What is the least number of vibrations
that will produce an
audible
sound?
Sixteen per second.
6. What is the greatest number that
can be heard?
About forty thousand per second.
7. What is Voice?
Sound produced by the vocal chords.
8. What is an Articulate sound?
One made by the organs of speech and used
in language.
9. What is a Vocal sound?
One that is modified but not obstructed
by the articulatory organs.
10. What is a simple Vocal sound?
One made without any change in the position
of the articulatory
organs
during its emission.
11. What is a Coalescent?
An articulate sound that always precedes
and unites with a vocal.
12. What is a Guttural sound?
One that is modified by the soft palate.
13. What are Unarticulate sounds?
The sounds of the vowels.
14. How many Elementary sounds do the
vowels represent?
Fifteen.
15. How many do the Consonants represent?
Eighteen.
16. How many do the Combinations represent?
Seven.
17. How many do the Diphthongs represent?
Only one, as oi and oy only repeat sounds
already represented by a
and
i.
18. How many sounds has A?
Five.
19. What are they?
Long, Short, Medial, Flat, and Broad.
20. How many sounds has E?
Two.
21. What are they?
Long and Short.
22. How many sounds has I?
Two.
23. What are they?
Long and Short.
24. How many sounds has O?
Three.
25. What are they?
Long, Short, and Slender.
26. How many sounds has U?
Three.
27. What are they?
Long, Short, and Medial.
28. How many sounds has B?
One; as heard in the word babe.
29. How many sounds has C?
None that may be properly called its own.
30. How many sounds has D?
One; as heard in the word did.
31. How many sounds has F?
One; as heard in the word flew.
32. How many sounds has G?
Two; as heard in the words go and age.
33. How many sounds has H?
One; as heard in the word high.
34. How many sounds has J?
None of its own, but represents one; the
sound of G.
35. How many sounds has K?
One; as heard in the word key.
36. How many sounds has L?
One; as heard in the word lily.
37. How many sounds has M?
One; as heard in the word money.
38. How many sounds has N?
One; as heard in the word nat.
39. How many sounds has P?
One; as heard in the word pie.
40. How many sounds has R?
One; as heard in the word roar. (REM.—Some
authors give r three
sounds.)
41. How many sounds has S?
One; as heard in the word same.
42. How many sounds has T?
One; as heard in the word tight.
43. How many sounds has V?
One; as heard in the word view.
44. How many sounds has W?
One; as heard in the word we.
45. How many sounds has X?
None of its own, as it is a redundant
letter.
46. How many sounds has Z?
One; as heard in the word ooze.
47. How many sounds has Th?
Two; as heard in the words thigh and the.
48. How many sounds has Ch?
One; as heard in the word church.
49. How many sounds has Sh?
One; as heard in the word ash.
50. How many sounds has Zh?
One obscurely; represented by si
in such words as fusion, zi
in
glazier.
51. How many sounds has Wh?
One; as heard in the word what.
52. How many sounds has Ng?
One; as heard in the word sing.
53. What are regular sounds?
The long sounds of the letters.
1. What is a Substitute?
A letter representing a sound usually
represented by another.
2. What are Equivalent letters?
Letters representing the same sound.
3. What properties do Substitutes assume?
The properties of the letter whose sound
it represents.
4. How many Substitutes has a long?
Four.
5. What are they?
E in tete; ei in feint;
ey in they; and ao in gaol.
6. How many Substitutes has a middle?
Two.
7. What are they?
E in there; and ei in heir.
8. How many Substitutes has a broad?
Two.
9. What are they?
O in cord; and ou in sought.
10. How many Substitutes has e long?
Three.
11. What are they?
I in marine; ie in fiend;
and ay in quay.
12. How many Substitutes has e short?
Two.
13. What are they?
A in says; and u in bury.
14. How many Substitutes has i long?
Two.
15. What are they?
Y in chyme; and oi in choir.
16. How many Substitutes has i short?
Six.
17. What are they?
Y in hymn; e in England;
u in busy; o in women; ee in
been;
and ai in captain.
18. How many Substitutes has o long?
Two.
19. What are they?
Eau in beau; and ew in sew.
20. How many Substitutes has o short?
One.
21. What is it?
A in what.
22. How many Substitutes has u long?
One.
23. What is it?
Ew in new.
24. How many Substitutes has u short?
Three.
25. What are they?
E in her; i in sir; and
o in son.
26. How many Substitutes has u medial?
One.
27. What is it?
O in wolf.
28. How many Substitutes has F?
Two.
29. What are they?
Gh in laugh; and ph in philosophy.
30. How many Substitutes has J?
Three.
31. What are they?
G in rage; di in soldier;
and d in verdure.
32. How many Substitutes has S?
Two.
33. What are they?
C soft, as in central; and z
in quartz.
34. How many Substitutes has T?
One.
35. What is it?
Ed final, after any aspirate except
t.
36. How many Substitutes has V?
One.
37. What is it?
F in of.
38. How many Substitutes has W?
One.
39. What is it?
U in quick.
40. How many Substitutes has X?
One.
41. What is it?
Ks in exist.
42. How many Substitutes has Y?
One.
43. What is it?
I in alien.
44. How many Substitutes has Z?
Three.
45. What are they?
S in was; c in suffice;
and x in xebec.
46. How many Substitutes has Ch?
Two.
47. What are they?
Ti in question; and t in
nature.
48. How many Substitutes has Sh?
Six.
49. What are they?
Ce in ocean; ci in social;
si in mansion; ti in motion;
ch
in chaise; and s in sugar.
50. How many Substitutes has Zh?
Four.
51. What are they?
Si in fusion; zi in brazier;
z in azure; and s in rasure.
52. How many substitutes has Ng?
One.
53. What is it?
N generally before palate sounds; as,
conquer, etc.
54. What letters have no Substitutes?
B, D, G, H, L, M, N, P, and R.
55. What combinations have no Substitutes?
Th and Wh.
56. Why is X never doubled?
It already represents the sounds of K
and S.
57. What letter ends no English word?
J.
DEFINITIONS AND WORDS.
1. What is Language?
Any method for the communication of thought
and feeling.
2. What is Natural Language?
Instinctive methods of communicating thought
or feeling.
3. What is Artificial Language?
That which must be learned before it can
be used.
4. Is the English Language natural
or artificial?
Artificial.
5. How many kinds of Artificial Language?
Two.
6. What are they.
Spoken and written.
7. What is Spoken Language?
That produced by the vocal organs.
8. What is Written Language?
Any method of communicating thought or
feeling by the use of
written
or printed characters.
9. What are the messengers of thought?
Sentences.
10. What is a Sentence?
An assemblage of words conveying a thought.
11. What is a Word?
A sign of an idea.
12. What is Lexicology?
That science which treats of the meaning
of words.
13. What is Etymology?
That science which treats of the origin
and derivation of words.
14. What is Orthogeny?
That science which treats of the classification
of words into
parts
of speech.
15. What is Syntax?
That science which treats of the relation
and connection of words
in
the construction of a sentence.
16. What is Prosody?
That science which treats of punctuation
and the laws of
versification.
17. Of what is a word composed?
A syllable or combination of syllables.
18. What is a Syllable?
A letter or letters uttered by a single
impulse of the voice.
19. What is the essential part of a
syllable?
A vowel.
20. Can there be a syllable without
it containing a vowel sound?
There cannot.
21. What is Syllabication?
That branch of etymology which treats
of the division of words
into
syllables.
22. How many methods of Syllabication
are there?
Two.
23. What are they?
English and American.
24. What is the object of the English
method?
To separate words into their elementary
parts without regard to
pronunciation;
as, a-tom.
25. What is the object of the American
method?
To indicate the proper pronunciation by
separating affixes from
the
roots.
26. What is a word of one syllable
called?
A monosyllable.
27. What is a word of two syllables
called?
A dissyllable.
28. What is a word of three syllables
called?
A trisyllable.
29. What is a word of more than three
syllables called?
A polysyllable.
30. What is the Ultimate syllable of
a word?
The last syllable.
31. What is the Penultimate syllable?
Next to the last syllable in a word.
32. What is the Antepenultimate syllable?
The last syllable but two in a word.
33. What is the Preantepenultimate
syllable?
The last syllable but three in a word.
34. What other way may the syllables
be described?
In their numerical order; as, first, second,
etc.
35. How many syllables can a word have?
As many as it has vowels or diphthongs
sounded.
36. How many words in the English language?
About one hundred and twenty thousand.
37. How are words divided in reference
to form?
Into simple and compound.
38. How are they divided in reference
to origin?
Into primitive and derivative.
39. What is a Simple word?
One that is not composed of two or more
whole words.
40. What is a Compound word?
One that is composed of two or more distinct
words.
41. What is a Primitive word?
One in no way derived from another in
the same language.
42. What is a Radical word?
Same as primitive.
43. What is a Derivative word?
One formed by joining to a primitive some
letter or letters to
modify
its meaning.
44. What is Analysis?
Separating a word or syllable into its
elements or parts.
45. What is Synthesis?
The process of combining elements to form
syllables and words.
46. What is the Base of a Compound
word?
That word representing the fundamental
idea.
47. What is the Modifier in a Compound
word?
That word which describes the other.
48. What is the Base of a Derivative
word?
The primitive from which it is derived.
49. What is the Modifier in a Derivative
word?
The affix.
50. What is an Affix?
That part of a derivative word attached
to the root.
51. How many Root words in the English
language?
Over one thousand.
52. What is a Prefix?
That part of a derivative word placed
before the root.
53. What is a Postfix?
That part of a derivative word placed
after the root.
54. What is a Suffix?
Same as a postfix.
55. What are Affixes?
Prefixes and postfixes together are called
affixes.
56. How many kinds of Derivatives are
there?
Two.
57. What are they?
Regular and irregular.
58. What is a Regular derivative?
One that is formed by the addition of
affixes without changing the
letters
in the primitive part (except final e silent).
59. What is an Irregular derivative?
One in which the letters of the primitive
part are changed.
60. In using Affixes, what rule should
be observed?
The affix and root should be from the
same language.
61. Is the same rule to be observed
in forming Compound words?
It is.
62. What is a Mongrel compound word?
One formed contrary to the rule.
63. Give an example.
Cable-graph and cable-gram.
64. What are Barbarisms?
Same as mongrel.
65. When use the hyphen in Compound
words?
When they are not permanently compounded.
66. What is an Obsolete word?
One gone out of date.
1. What is Spelling?
A distinct expression of the letters or
sounds of a word in their
proper
order.
2. How many kinds of Spelling?
Two.
3. What are they?
Orthographic and Phonic.
4. What is Orthographic spelling?
An expression of the letters of a written
or printed word in their
proper
order.
5. What is Phonic spelling?
An expression of the elementary sounds
of a word in their proper
order,
according to established usage.
6. What is meant by good usage?
The usage, or custom, of the best speakers
and writers of the times.
7. How do we know when we have spelled
a word correctly?
By reference to the Dictionary?
8. What is a Lexicographer?
An author of a dictionary.
9. Can we spell by Rules?
We cannot.
10. Why?
Because there are too many exceptions.
11. What makes a rule in Orthography?
Whenever a letter is silent, or usually
so, a rule is formed.
12. Why is c placed before r in acre,
massacre, etc.?
To preserve the hard sound of c.
13. What is the rule for Digraphs?
A digraph must have one vowel silent.
14. Give rule for E final.
E final is silent when another vowel precedes
it in the same
syllable.
15. What effect does final E have on
the preceding vowel?
It usually preserves its long sound.
16. When is B silent?
Before t, or after m, in
the same syllable.
17. When is C silent?
Before k in the same syllable;
also, before z, l, or
t, in a few words.
18. When is D silent?
Before g in the same syllable.
19. When is G silent?
Before m or n in the same
syllable.
20. When is H silent?
After g or r in the same
syllable; and h final after a
vowel
is always silent; also, in a few words after t,
and
initial
in a few words.
21. When is L silent?
After a when followed by f,
m, k, or v, except in the
word
valve; also, before d in could, etc.
22. When is M silent?
Before n in a few words.
23. When is N silent?
Final after l or m.
24. When is P silent?
Initial before n, s, or
t.
25. When is S silent?
In a few irregular words; as, isle,
puisne, viscount,
corps,
etc.
26. When is T silent?
Before ch in the same syllable;
also, in Christmas, eclat,
mortgage,
etc.
27. When is V silent?
In two words only—Sevennight
and Twelvemonth.
28. When is W silent?
Before r in the same syllable also,
in whoop, sword, two,
etc.
29. When is Gh silent?
After i in the same syllable; also,
after au and ou in some
words.
30. When is Ch silent?
In a few words; as, drachm, yacht,
etc.
31. When is Z silent?
In one word only—Rendezvous.
32. What letters are never silent?
F, J, Q, and R.
33. What is meant by Antecedent part
of a syllable?
That part before the vowel.
34. What is the Consequent part of
a syllable?
That part which follows the vowel.
35. How many words end in Ceed?
Three.
36. What are they?
Exceed, proceed, and succeed.
37. How many of the English words are
derived from the Latin?
About, three-fourths.
38. What Language is called “Our
mother tongue?"
Anglo-Saxon.
39. From what language do we get most
of our Scientific terms?
The Greek.
40. How many English words begin with
IN as a prefix?
Two hundred and fifty.
41. How many begin with im?
Seventy-five.
42. How many begin with un?
About two thousand.
43. Were final E not silent, what would
be the result?
Another syllable would be formed.
44. When is final E dropped in spelling?
Before vowel terminations mostly.
45. Why is the final E retained in
such words as changeable and
traceable?
To preserve the soft sound of the c or
g.
46. In the words fleeing, seeing, etc.,
why retain both Es?
To determine the proper meaning of the
word.
47 What is a Figure of orthography?
Any departure from the ordinary spelling
of a word.
48. How many Figures are there?
Two.
49 What are they?
Archaism and Mimesis.
50. What is Archaism?
The spelling of a word according to ancient
usage.
51. What is Mimesis?
The spelling of a word in imitation of
a false pronunciation.
52. When is i used as a consonant?
When followed by a vowel in the same syllable;
as in alien, etc.
53. When is y final changed to e?
Before the suffix ous; as in beauteous.
54. When is y final changed to i?
Before the suffix ful; as in beautiful.
55. What is a Redundant prefix?
One that does not change the signification
of the root; as, a in
the
word adry.
56. When is ie changed to y?
Before the ending ing.
57. When use the digraph ei in spelling?
Ei follows c soft, and begins words.
58. When use ie in spelling?
Ie follows consonants (except c soft),
and ends words.
59. In changing the word hoe to hoeing,
why retain the e?
To preserve its signification.
60. What is the origin of the suffix
less?
Anglo-Saxon.
61. What is the origin of the word
English?
It is derived from the word Angles.
62. Who were the Angles?
They were a tribe of people who came from
the land of the Low
Germans
and settled in Britain in the fifth century.
63. What does the word England mean?
“The land of the Angles.”
64. Why is our language sometimes called
the “Teutonic language"?
Because it is derived from the ancient
Germans, who were called
Teutons.
65. What kind of words end in ize?
Verbs derived from the Greek.
66. What kind of words end in ise?
Most words derived from the French.
67. Why is the English called a Composite
Language?
Because it is derived from so many different
sources.
68. Does adding a single consonant
to a word ever make an
additional
syllable?
It does.
69. Give examples.
Grade, grad-ed; confide, con-fi-ded.
70. Can a word be compound and derivative
at the same time?
It can; as, ball-player.
71. How distinguish between an affix
and a part of a compound
word?
If all the parts retain their literal
signification they form
a
compound; if not, the part which loses its signification
becomes
an affix in a derivative.
72. Is the word outside compound or
derivative?
It is compound.
73. Is the word outrun compound or
derivative?
It is derivative.
74. What is Derivation?
That branch of etymology which treats
of the sources of the words
of
a language.
75. How many kinds of Derivation?
Two.
76. What are they?
Paronymous and Historical.
77. What is Paronymous derivation?
That part of etymology which treats of
present sources of English
words.
78. Give examples of Paronymous derivation.
Kingdom, from king; Manly, from man, etc.
79. What is Historical derivation?
That part of etymology which treats of
the foreign sources of the
English
language.
80. Give examples of Historical derivation.
Book, from boc; Moon, from mona, etc.
81. When use a, and when an, in a sentence?
Use a before all words beginning with
a consonant sound, and
use
an before words beginning with a vowel sound,
h
mute, or h initial, if the accent is on any
other
syllable
than the first.
82. Why do words in the English language
become obsolete?
Because it is a living language.
83. What is a new word?
One that has recently come into use.
84. Name some new words.
Outsider, intensify, repudiate, and idiom.
85. What is meant by suspended animation
of a word?
A word that passes out of use for a while
and then resumes its
place
in literature.
86. Give examples of suspended words.
The words reckless, abate, and abandon,
fell into disuse in the
seventeenth
century, but have since been revived.
87. What letters are called the pivots?
Y and w.
88. Why are they so called?
Because of their peculiar sounds in changing
from vowels to
consonants.
89. What kind of new words should be
avoided?
Any word formed contrary to the genius
of the language.
90. What is meant by idiom?
A peculiar mode of expression.
91. What is diction?
Diction treats of the selection and right
use of words.
92. When is our diction pure?
When we use only such words as belong
to the idiom of our language.
93. What are Synonyms?
Words having a similar signification.
94. What is a Synonymicon?
A dictionary of synonymous words.
95. What is meant by a reputable word?
One that is used by educated people.
96. What is an Anacoluthic word?
One that is unnecessary to the completion
of a sentence.
97. What is an Idiomatic word?
A word belonging to an individual language.
98. What is an Ideographical language?
One in which the characters represent
ideas rather than sounds.
99. Can there be a derivative word
without an affix?
There can; as, brought from bring.
100. What is Dactylology?
The art of spelling words with the fingers.
101. What is the Pythagorean letter?
Y.—Am. Cyclopedia.
102. Why so called?
Because its Greek original represents
the sacred triad used to
designate
the diverging paths of virtue and vice.
NUMERICAL VALUES OF THE LETTERS.
1. What is meant by the Numerical value
of letters?
Its value as a numeral used in the notation
of different languages.
2. Have all the letters Numerical value?
All except J, U, W, and Y.
3. What is the Numerical value of A?
500.
4. By whom used?
The ancient European Nations.
5. What is the Numerical value of B?
300.
6. By whom used?
The Romans.
7. What is the Numerical value of C?
100 in the Roman notation.
8. What is the Numerical value of D?
500 in the Roman notation.
9. What is the Numerical value of E?
5.
10. By whom used?
The ancient Greeks.
11. What is the Numerical value of
F?
40 in some of the Ancient notations; 80
in the Arabian; and 10,000
in
the Armenian.
12. What is the Numerical value of
G?
400.
13. By whom used?
The Latins.
14. What is the Numerical value of
H?
100 in the Greek notation; and 200 in
the Latin.
15. What is the Numerical value of
I?
1 in the Roman notation; and 100 in some
of the Ancient notations.
16. What is the Numerical value of
K?
20 in the Greek notation; and 60 in the
Semitic.
17. Give the Numerical values of L.
50 in Roman, and 30 in Semitic notation.
18. What are the Numerical values of
M?
As a Roman numeral, 1,000; Greek and Hebrew,
40.
19. What is the value of N as a Numeral?
In the Greek notation, 50; Roman, 90;
and by some other, 900.
20. What is the Numerical value of
O?
70 in the Greek; and 11 in the Ancient
Latins.
21. What is the Numerical value of
P?
In the Greek notation, 5; in the Latin,
80; and in the Roman, by
some
authors, 7, by one, 100, and by still another, 400.
22. As a Numeral, what is the value
of Q?
500.
23. By whom used?
Several of the Ancient Nations of Europe.
24. What is the Numerical value of
R?
80
25. By whom used?
The ancient Romans.
26. What is the Numerical value of
S?
7
27. By whom used?
The Ancients.
28. Give the values of T as a Numeral.
300 in the Greek notation; in the Latin,
160.
29. What is the Numerical value of
V?
5 in the Roman notation.
30. What are the values of X as a Numeral?
In the Roman, 10; in the Greek, 60.
31. What are the Numerical values of
Z?
7 in the Greek notation; and 2,000 in
the Roman.
32. Why have J, U, W, and Y no Numerical
values?
Because they have been introduced into
the Alphabet since the
Science
of Arithmetical Notation was invented.
33. What effect does it have on the
value of a letter to draw a
line
above it?
In most cases it increases its value a
thousand times.
34. Is a line ever drawn beneath a
letter for the same purpose?
In some instances it is.
35. What effect does it have on a letter
as a numeral to repeat
it?
Repeats its value as often as it is repeated.
1. What is a Capital letter?
A large letter.
2. What is an Italic letter?
A form of oblique letters derived from
the Italians.
3. What is Rule 1 for the use of Capitals?
Title pages and headings of chapters should
be entirely in capitals.
4. Give Rule 2.
The first word of every book, tract, essay,
letter, etc., should
begin
with a capital.
5. Give Rule 3.
The first word of every sentence should
begin with a capital.
6. Give Rule 4.
Clauses separately numbered should begin
with a capital.
7. Give Rule 5.
The first word after an interrogation
point should usually begin
with
a capital.
8. Give Rule 6.
The first word of a clause, or sentence,
given as an example,
should
begin with a capital.
9. Give Rule 7.
In quoting a title of a book, each important
word of the title
should
begin with a capital.
10. Give Rule 8.
First word of a direct question should
begin with a capital.
11. Give Rule 9.
The first word of a direct quotation should
begin with a capital.
12. Give Rule 10.
All letters used as numerals should be
written or printed in
capitals.
13. Give Rule 11.
The pronoun I should always be a capital.
14. Give Rule 12.
The vocative particle O should always
be a capital.
15. Give Rule 13.
The first word of every line of poetry
should begin with a capital.
16. Give one exception to Rule 13.
In humorous poetry, when a word is divided
at the end of a
line,
the detached syllable at the beginning of the next
line
should
begin with a small letter.
17. Give Rule 14.
All names and titles of the Deity should
begin with a capital.
18. Give Rule 15.
All proper names should begin with a capital.
19. Give Rule 16.
All words derived from proper nouns should
begin with a capital.
20. Give Rule 17.
Titles of honor and distinction should
begin with capitals.
21. Give Rule 18.
The words father, mother, sister, brother,
aunt, etc.,
when
followed by a proper noun, should always begin with
a
capital.
22. Give Rule 19.
All words referring to the Bible should
begin with a capital.
23. Give Rule 20.
All proper adjectives should begin with
a capital.
24. Give Rule 21.
The names of famous events, historical
eras, noted documents,
etc.,
should begin with a capital.
25. What establishes a rule for Capitals?
Good usage, or custom.
26. Give Rule 1 for the use of Italics.
Words for emphasis should be printed in
italics.
27. Give Rule 2.
Names of books, poems, etc., are
usually printed in italics.
28. Give Rule 3.
Words from foreign languages are printed
in italics.
29. Give Rule 4.
Words in the Bible supplied by the translators
are printed in
italics.
30. How are written words marked that
are to be printed in
Capitals?
By underscoring the words with two lines.
31. How are written words marked that
are to be printed in
Italics?
By underscoring the words with one line.
32. When use the Interjection O?
The letter O is a vocative particle, and
should always be
used
before nouns or pronouns in the absolute case by direct
address.—[Ridpath.]
33. When use Oh?
In all cases where it is not followed
by nouns, or pronouns, in
the
vocative case.—[Ridpath.]
ABBREVIATIONS.
1. What is an abbreviation?
One or more of the letters of a word standing
for the whole word.
2. What is the signification of A.C.S.?
American Colonization Society.
3. Give meaning A.B.C.F.M.
American Board of Commissioners for Foreign
Missions.
4. What is the signification AAA.?
Amalgamation.
5. What is the signification of Ang.-Sax.?
Anglo-Saxon.
6. Give signification of A.T.
Arch-Treasurer.
7. What is the signification of C.A.S.?
Fellow of the Connecticut Academy.
8. What is the signification of C.C.?
County Court, or County Commissioner.
9. What is the meaning of D.C.L.?
Doctor of Civil Law.
10. What is the signification of D.M.?
Doctor of Music.
11. What is the signification of A.U.C.?
In the year of the city.
12. What is the meaning of F.E.S.?
Fellow of the Entomological Society.
13. What is the signification of H.R.I.P.?
Here rests in peace.
14. What is the signification of L.C.J.?
Lord Chief Justice.
15. What is the signification of N.u.?
Name unknown.
16. What is the signification of P.a.?
Participial adjective.
17. What is the signification of P.v.?
Post village.
18. What is the signification of Qy.?
Query.
19. What is the signification of Ro.?
Righthand page.
20. What is the signification S.C.L.?
Student of the Civil Law.
21. What is the signification of S.R.I.?
Holy Roman Empire.
22. What is the signification of S.J.C.?
Supreme Judicial Court.
23. What is the signification of U.S.S.?
United States Ship.
24. What does U.K. signify?
United Kingdom.
25. What does V.R. signify?
Queen Victoria.
26. What does V.G. signify?
For example.
27. What does Xt. signify?
Christ.
28. What does Xmas. signify?
Christmas.
29. What is the signification of Y.B.?
Year Book.
30. What is the signification of Zo[:o]l.?
Zo[:o]logy.
31. What does Yt. signify?
That.
32. What is the signification of S.T.P.?
Doctor of Divinity.
1. Why is a word divided into syllables?
For the purpose of showing their proper
pronunciation and
etymological
composition.
2. What is Accent?
A greater stress of voice placed on one
syllable of a word than
the
others.
3. What kind of words have no accent?
Monosyllables.
4. Why?
Accent implies comparison, and there can
be no comparison with one
syllable.
5. How many kinds of accent?
Common, Emphatic, and Discriminating.
6. What is common accent?
Ordinary accent of spelling.
7. How many kinds of common accent?
Two.
8. What are they?
Primary and secondary.
9. What is primary accent?
The principal accent.
10. What is secondary accent?
The partial accent.
11. What kind of accent is essential
to every word of more than
one
syllable?
Primary.
12. How close can primary and secondary
accent come together?
Not closer than two syllables.
13. How many primary accents can one
word have?
Only one.
14. How many secondary accents can
a word have?
Two.
15. In case of two secondary accents,
where are they placed?
On the first and third.
16. In case of two secondary, where
is the primary accent?
On the last but two.
17. Do the primary and secondary ever
change places?
They do.
18. In words of two syllables, where
is the accent?
Usually on the first.
19. In trisyllables, what syllable
is accented?
Usually the first.
20. Are there any exceptions?
There are.
21. In polysyllables, where is the
accent?
On the antepenult usually.
22. In all words ending in ation, where
is the accent?
On the syllable next to the last.
23. What is Emphatic accent?
Accent used for emphatic distinction.
24. Have monosyllables any accent?
They have sometimes an emphatic, or poetic.
25. What is Discriminating accent?
That used to determine parts of speech.
26, Give some examples.
Au’gust, Au-gust’; Reb’el,
Re-bel’.
27, What is Punctuation?
The use of certain characters to aid the
reader in determining the
thought
of the writer.
28. How many kinds of punctuation are
there?
Four.
29. What are they?
Rhetorical, Etymological, for Reference,
and for the Printer.
30. What is Rhetorical punctuation?
That used for rhetorical effect.
31. What is Etymological punctuation?
That used in Orthography and Orthoepy.
32. What is Reference punctuation?
That used to refer the reader to the margin
of the page.
33. What is punctuation for the Printer?
That used by the writer to inform the
printer the kind of type to
use.
34. What are the principal Etymological
points?
Apostrophe, Caret, Dieresis, Macron, Breve,
Tilde, Grave Accent,
Acute
Accent, Circumflex Accent, Hyphen, and Period.
35. What is the use of the Apostrophe?
To indicate the omission of a letter,
or letters, of a word.
36. What letter is omitted in the word
o’clock?
The letter f.
37. What is the use of the Caret?
To correct an error of omission.
38. Is the Caret used in printed copy
or manuscript?
In manuscript.
39. For what is the Dieresis used?
To separate two vowels which would otherwise
form a diphthong.
40. Give an example of the use of the
Dieresis.
Zo[:o]logy, and Di[:e]resis.
41. What is the use of the Macron?
To mark the long quantity of syllables.
42. What is a long syllable?
One in which the vowel has the long sound.
43. What is the use of the Breve?
To mark the short quantity of syllables.
44. What is a short syllable?
One in which the vowel has the short sound.
45. What kind of a mark is the Tilde?
A Spanish mark.
46. How many uses has the Tilde?
Two.
47. What are they?
Placed over n it gives the sound
of ny as, in ca[n]on. In
English
it indicates certain sounds of the vowels.
48. How many accent marks are there?
Three.
49. What are they?
Grave, Acute, and Circumflex.
50. What is the use of the Grave accent?
To mark the falling inflection.
51. What is the use of the Acute accent?
To mark the primary accent, and the rising
inflection.
52. What is the use of the Circumflex?
To mark the peculiar inflection of the
voice in the pronunciation
of
a word.
53. How many uses has the Hyphen?
Three.
54. What are they?
To separate the parts of a compound word;
to separate a word into
syllables;
and to divide a word at the end of a line.
55. When should the Hyphen be used
in a compound word?
When the word has not become permanently
compounded.
56. When use the Dieresis instead of
the Hyphen?
When the syllables are divided by the
hyphen, there is no hyphen
used
between the vowels of the digraph.
57. What is the use of the Period?
To denote an abbreviation.
58. Are there any other uses of the
Period?
There are.
59. Where else is the Period used?
In Rhetorical punctuation.
60. Name the points used in Reference
punctuation.
Asterisk, Obelisk, Parallels, Section,
Paragraph, and Index.
61. Are these marks ever doubled?
They are.
62. Are Letters ever used for reference?
They are.
DIACRITICAL MARKS.
1. What are Diacritical Marks?
Characters indicating the different sounds
of letters.
2. Name the Diacritical Marks.
Macron, Breve, Dieresis, Semi-Dieresis,
Caret, Tilde, Cedilla, and
the
inverted T.
3. Make the Diacritical Marks in the
order named:
([macron]); ([breve]); ([diaeresis]);
([superior dot]); ([caret]);
(~);
([cedilla]); ([inverted T (uptack)]).
4. What does the Macron indicate?
Over a vowel, its long sound; under e,
the sound of a, long;
across
c, the sound of k; over g, the hard sound; across
th,
the subvocal sound, and over oo, the long sound.
5. What are the uses of the Breve?
Over vowels, it indicates their short
sound, and over oo, its
short
sound.
6. What does the Dieresis indicate?
Over a, its Italian sound; under a, its
broad sound; over i,
the
sound of e, long; under u, when preceded by r,
makes
it equivalent to o, Italian.
7. What is the use of the Semi-Dieresis?
Over a, gives it the medium sound; under
a, the sound of o,
short;
over o, the sound of u, short; under o, the sound;
over
g, the soft sound; and under u, the sound of Italian
o.
8. Where is the Cedilla used?
Under c, to give it the sound of s.
9. What is the use of the Caret as
a Diacritical Mark?
Over a, it indicates the flat sound; over
e, the sound of a, flat;
over
u, the sound of e, in her.
10. Where is the Tilde used?
Over n in Spanish words it indicates that
the sound of y
immediately
follows. It is also used over e in such words
as
her, and over i in sir, etc.
11. What is the use of the inverted
[T]?
Under s, it gives it the sound of z; under
x, it gives the sound
of
gz.
12. Give some words illustrating the
use of the Macron.
M[=a]te, b[=e]am, f[=i]ne, b[=o]at, t[=u]be,
r[=oo]d, [=g]o, and
pr[e=]y.
13. Give words showing the use of the
Breve.
M[)a]t, s[)e]t, l[)o]t, t[)u]b, and f[)oo]t.
14. Illustrate the use of the Dieresis.
C[:a]r, pol[:i]ce, f[a:]lling, and tr[u:]e.
15. Give words showing the use of the
Semi-Dieresis.
M[.a]sk, wh[a.]t, m[.o]ney, [.g]in, w[o.]lf,
and b[u.]sh.
16. Illustrate the use of the Caret.
F[^a]ir, th[^e]re, s[^u]rge, and sometimes
over o as in st[^o]rm.
17. Give words showing the use of the
Tilde.
M[e]rge and ca[n]on.
18. Illustrate the use of the Cedilla.
[C,]ell and [c,]haise.
19. Give some words showing the use
of the inverted t.
Wa[sT] and e[xT]ist.
20. Are there any other names for the
inverted t?
It has been given different names by different
authors.
21. What are they?
“The Perpendicular,” “Suspended
Macron,” etc.
22. Is the letter y ever marked by
Diacritical Marks?
It is, sometimes.
23. What marks are used for y?
Macron and Breve.
24. Give examples where y is marked
with the Macron.
Sp[=y], sl[=y], st[=y], etc.
25. Give example where y is marked
with the Breve.
H[)y]mn.
26. What mark is used to cancel silent
letters?
Short bar, similar to the Macron.
1. What is the signification of A as
a Prefix?
On, in, at, to, or towards.
2. Is A as a prefix ever redundant?
It is.
3. Give examples.
Adry and ameliorate.
4. What does the prefix Ab signify?
From.
5. What does Ab signify?
Away from.
6. What is the signification of Ante?
Before.
7. Name all the prefixes meaning To.
Ad, ac, af, ag, al, an, ap, ar, and at.
8. What does Anti signify?
Against.
9. What does Bis signify?
Twice.
10. What other prefix means the same?
Dis, from the Greek.
11. What does Be signify?
Upon.
12. What does Circum signify?
Around, as circumscribe.
13. What is the meaning of Cis?
On this side, as cisalpine.
14. What prefixes signify With?
Con, com, co, col, and cor.
15. What prefixes signify Against?
Contra and counter.
16. What does Di signify?
Two, as ditone.
17. What prefixes signify Out of, or
From?
E, and ex.
18. What does Dys signify?
Ill, or difficult, as dysentery and dyspepsia.
19. What does Enter signify?
Between or among.
20. What does Epi signify?
On, as epitaph; during, as ephemeral.
21. What prefix signifies Equal?
Equi, as equidistant.
22. What does Extra signify?
Beyond, as extraordinary.
23. What is the signification of Eu?
Well, or agreeable, as euphony.
24. What does Gain signify?
Against, as gainsay.
25. What is the signification of Hex?
Six, as Hexagon.
26. What does Hyper signify?
Over, as hypercriticism.
27. What does Hypo signify?
Under, or beneath, as hypotenuse and hypocrite.
28. What prefixes signify Not or In?
In, im, il, and ir.
29. What is the signification of Inter?
In the midst of, or between, as intellect
and intermarry.
30. What does Intra signify?
Within, or on the inside of.
31. What other prefix means the same
as Intra?
Intro.
32. What is the signification of Juxta?
Joined to, or next, as juxtaposition.
33. What does Mal signify?
Bad, as malpractice and maladministration.
34. What is the signification of Meta?
In the middle, after, and with.
35. What does Mis signify?
Amiss, or wrong, as misapply and mishap.
36. What is the signification of Mono?
One, as monotheistic.
37. What prefixes signify Many?
Multi and poly, as multiform and polysyllable.
38. What does Non signify?
Not, as nonsense, nonessential, etc.
39. What other prefixes signify Not?
Neg, as in negative, and ne, as in nefarious.
40. What does Ob signify?
In the way of, as obstruct.
41. What does Oct signify?
Eight, as octagon.
42. What does Omni signify?
All, or complete, as omnipresent.
43. What is the signification of Out?
Beyond, as outlaw, outbid, outbalance,
etc.
44. What does Over signify?
Above, as overseer, overreach, etc.
45. What does Ovi signify?
An egg, as oviform.
46. What does Para signify?
Beside, as parallel, paragraph, etc.
47. What is the signification of Pene?
Almost, as peninsula—almost
an island.
48. What does Per signify?
Through, or by, as permit, perchance,
etc.
49. What does Peri signify?
Around, as perimeter, periosteum.
50. What does Pleni signify?
Completeness, or full, as plenitude, etc.
51. What does Post signify?
After, or backwards, as postfix, and postpone.
52. What does Pre signify?
Before, as prefer, prefix, etc.
53. What is the signification of Preter?
Beyond, as preternatural.
54. What is the signification of Pro?
Before, forth, and for.
55. What does Pros signify?
To, as proselyte.
56. What is the signification of Proto?
First, as protocol, protoplasm, etc.
57. What does Quad signify?
Four, as quadrangle, etc.
58. What does Re signify?
Back, or again, as react, recollect, etc.
59. What prefixes signify Right?
Rect and Recti.
60. What does Retro signify?
Backwards, as retrospect and retrograde.
61. What does Se signify?
By itself, as separate, seclude, etc.
62. What prefixes signify Half?
Semi, demi, and hemi, as semicircle, demitone,
and hemisphere.
63. What does Sine signify?
Without, as sinecure.
64. What does Stereo signify?
Solid, as stereotype.
65. What does Sub signify?
Under, or inferior, as subterranean and
subordinate.
66. What does Super signify?
Over, above, or beyond, as supernatural,
etc.
67. What does Suf signify?
Less or after, as suffix, etc.
68. What does Supra signify?
Same as Super.
69. What does Sur signify?
More than, as surcharge.
70. What prefixes signify Together?
Syn, sy, syl, and sym, as in syntax, system,
syllable, and symbol.
71. What does Trans signify?
Beyond, across, and again, as transalpine,
transatlantic, and
transform.
72. What does Tra signify?
Across, as traverse.
73. What is the signification of Tri?
Three, as trisyllable, triangle, etc.
74. What does Ultra signify?
Beyond, as ultramarine.
75. What does Un signify?
Not, as unhappy, unable, etc.
76. What is the signification of Under?
Below, as undercurrent, underrate, etc.
77. What does Ve signify?
No or not, as vehement.
78. What does Vice signify?
Instead of, as Vice-President.
79. What does With signify?
Against or back, as withstand, withdraw.
80. What other signification has With
in some words?
Near, as within; together, as withal,
etc.
81. What suffixes signify “able
to be"?
Able, ible, and ile, as curable, audible,
and visible.
82. What suffixes signify rank, or
office?
Acy, ate, ric; dom, and ship, as in curacy,
pontificate, bishopric,
kingdom,
and clerkship.
83. What is the signification of Age?
Act of, as marriage, passage, etc.
84. Has the suffix Age any other signification?
From the Latin ago, it means collection.
85. What does An signify?
One who, or the person who acts, as equestrian,
pedestrian, etc.
86. What does Ana signify?
A collection of memorable sayings, as
Franklinana—the sayings of
Franklin.
87. What does Ant signify?
Being, and has the force of ing, as dominant,
verdant, etc.
88. What is the signification of the
suffix Art?
One who, as braggart.
89. What does Ary signify?
Place where, or place which, as library,
aviary, etc.
90. What does Ate signify?
Full of, or abundance, as desolate, passionate,
etc.
91. What is the signification of Celli?
Little, as vermicelli, etc.
92. What other suffixes also signify
Little?
Cle, cule, el, en, kin, let, ot, ling,
ock, and ie.
93. What does Ene signify?
Belonging to, as terrene, etc.
94. What is the signification of Eous?
Full of, as beauteous, etc.
95. What does Ed signify?
When added to a verb it signifies did,
as played; but to a participle,
was,
as completed.
96. What is the signification of Er?
More or often, as brighter, glimmer, etc.
97. What does Erly signify?
Direction of, as northerly.
98. What does Es signify?
More than one, as foxes, etc.
99. What does Escent signify?
Growing or becoming, as convalescent.
100. What does Esque signify?
Belonging to, or like, as picturesque,
etc.
101. What does Ess signify?
Feminine when added to nouns, as tigress.
102. What does Est signify?
Greatest or least, as largest, smallest,
etc.
103. What does Head signify?
State or nature, as Godhead.
104. What does Ics signify?
Things relating to, as optics, etc.
105. What does Ides signify?
Resemblance, as alkaloides, etc.
106. What is the signification of Im?
More than one, as cherubim.
107. What does Ina signify?
Feminine, as Czarina.
108. What does Ing signify?
Continuing, as singing, etc.
109. What is the signification of Ior?
More, as superior.
110. What does Ique signify?
Belonging to, as antique.
111. What is the signification of Ish?
Like, as boyish, girlish, etc.
112. What does Isk signify?
Little, as asterisk, etc.
113. What does Ite signify?
That which, as appetite.
114. What does Ive signify?
Able to do, as adhesive, etc.
115. What does Ion signify?
State or act, as location.
116. What does Ism signify?
Doctrine, as Calvinism, etc.
117. What does Ix signify?
Feminine of nouns, as testatrix.
118. What does Kin signify?
A son of, or little, as lambkin.
119. What does Kind signify?
Race, as mankind.
120. What does Less signify?
Without, as guiltless, breathless, etc.
121. What does Ling signify?
Young, as duckling, etc.
122. What does Ly signify?
Like, or in a manner, as manly, calmly,
etc.
123. What does Most signify?
Greatest or furthest, as hindmost.
124. What does Ment signify?
State or act, as settlement, judgment,
etc.
125. What does Ness signify?
The quality of, or state of, as whiteness,
etc.
126. What does Ock signify?
Small or young, as hillock, bullock, etc.
127. What does Oid signify?
Likeness, as spheroid, etc.
128. What does Or signify?
One who, as actor, director, etc.
129. What does Ory signify?
Having the quality of, as vibratory, etc.
130. What does On signify?
Large, as million, etc.
131. What does Ous signify?
Having the quality of, as solicitous.
132. What does Ot signify?
Little, as idiot.
133. What does Re signify?
Same as Er, as it is another form
of it.
134. What does Red signify?
Those who, as kindred, etc.
135. What is the signification of Ress?
Feminine of nouns, as instructress.
136. What does Ric signify?
Office of, as bishopric.
137. What does Ry signify?
Place where, or things collectively.
138. What does Se signify?
To make, as cleanse.
139. What does San signify?
The person who, as partisan, etc.
140. What does Ship signify?
The condition, as professorship.
141. What does Some signify?
Full, as quarrelsome.
142. What does Ster signify?
The person who, as teamster.
143. What does Teen signify?
Ten to be added, as fourteen.
144. What is the signification of Tude?
The state of being, as similitude.
145. What does Ty signify?
To multiply into, as seventy, forty, etc.
146. What does Ude signify?
Same as Tude, the state of being.
147. What does Ule signify?
Little, as globule.
148. What does Ward signify?
Direction of, as eastward, etc.
149. What does Ways signify?
Manner, as crossways, lengthways, etc.
150. What does the suffix Y signify?
Plenty, as smoky; also abounding in, as
wealthy.
151. Are there any exceptions to the
meaning of the foregoing
Prefixes
and Postfixes?
There are some, and therefore great judgment
must be exercised in
applying
them to the analysis of words.
152. What is meant by the term “Good
Bye"?
God be with you.
153. What does the suffix Ster signify?
Feminine, as spinster.
PROMISCUOUS QUESTIONS.
1. Is A the first letter of all written
alphabets?
All but one, the Abyssinian.
2. What number is A in the Abyssinian
alphabet?
The thirteenth.
3. Is double A ever written together
as a word?
It is, as a proper noun.
4. What is Aa the name of?
About forty small rivers in Europe.—Cyclopedia.
5. Is B the second letter of all alphabets?
All except the Ethiopic.
6. What number is B in the Ethiopic?
Ninth.
7. Give a word in which P has the sound
of B.
Cupboard.
8. What letter is the Sonorous counterpart
of T?
The letter D.—Cyclopedia.
9. Give the Periodic changes of the
English language.
Saxon, Semi-Saxon, Old English, Middle
English, and Modern English.
10. Give date of “Saxon period."
Previous to 1150 A.D.
11. Give date of “Semi-Saxon
period."
1150 to 1250.
12. Give date of “Old English
period."
1250 to 1350.
13. Give date of “Middle English
period."
1350 to 1550.
14. Give date of “Modern English
period."
Time since 1550.
15. What constitutes a Period in Language?
Any great change in the Literature of
a People.
16. What causes these changes?
Mostly national invasion.
17. What is assimilation of Consonants?
When an aspirate and subvocal comes together,
it is necessary
to
change the sound of one or the other, to make the
combination
pronounceable.
18. What is meant by an Element of
Speech?
An indivisible portion of language.
19. What is a Sonant sound?
One uttered with intonated or resonant
breath.
20. In changing the word traffic to
trafficked, why supply the
letter
k?
To preserve the proper sound of c.
21. Under what condition is a consonant
never doubled at the end
of
a word?
When immediately following a diphthong.—Webster.
22. When is C followed by K in spelling?
Words ending with the sound of k, and
in which c follows the vowel.
23. Give some examples.
Back, black, fleck, etc.
24. Are there any exceptions?
There are, as sac, arc, etc.
25. Why is the word Humbugged spelt
with two g’s?
To prevent sounding the g like j.
26. Give some words spelled differently
in the U.S. and in
England.
Woolen—woollen, honor—honour,
etc.
27. When do words, ending in double
e, drop one e on taking an
additional
syllable?
When the suffix begins with e.
28. Why?
To prevent three e’s coming together.
29. Does pluralizing a word ever change
the accent?
Sometimes it does.
30. Give an example.
An’tipode—Antip’odes.
31. In such words as Defense, which
is correct, se or ce for the
termination?
Se, because the s belongs to the
words from which they are
derived.—Webster.
32. Should words of English origin
end in ise or ize?
Ize; same as those from the Greek.
33. Are there any exceptions to these
rules?
There are; as advertise, from English,
etc.
34. Are the words ox, calf, sheep,
and pig of French or Saxon
origin?
Saxon.
35. From what language do the words
beef, veal, mutton, and pork
come?
The Norman-French.
36. What is a Lexicon?
A Dictionary.
37. What is an irregular sound?
Sound of a Redundant letter.
38. How are words divided as regards
Specie?
Primitive and Derivative.
39. How may the meaning of a word be
changed?
By accent; as Aug’ust, August’.
40. What is an irregular derivative?
One in which the letters of the root are
changed in forming the
derivative.
41. What is Pronunciation?
The distinct utterance of the sounds of
a word.
42. What are the significant parts
of a word?
Root, prefix, and suffix.
43. How are words divided as to variety?
Italic, Roman, Old English, etc.
44. Name some compound word in which
both parts retain their own
accent.
Writ’ing-mas’ter.
45. Name some word in which one part
loses its accent.
Gentle-manly.
46. Can all the vowels form syllables
themselves?
All except W.
47. When has R a rough sound?
When it begins a word.
48. How are words distinguished?
By their forms and uses.
49. Why do Consonants ever unite?
To form complex sounds: as rr in
Burr.
50. From what language are most words
derived that end in less?
Anglo-Saxon.
51. Is Z the last letter of all alphabets?
All except the Greek, and Hebrew.
52. What is its place in the Greek
alphabet?
Sixth.
53. What is its place in the Hebrew?
Seventh.
54. What letter is the sonorous counterpart
of S?
The letter Z.—Cyclopedia.
55. What is spelling of Z in England?
Zed, and also Izzard.
56. What language has two letters representing
the sound of Z?
The Russian.
57. When was the letter W first used?
About the end of the Seventh Century.
58. What changes the sound of a vowel
from long to short?
The absence of the accent.
59. In what situation is gh always
silent?
After i in the same syllable.
60. How many words of two syllables
are changed from nouns to
verbs
by accent?
About eighty.
61. What word contains a consonant
Tetragraph?
Phthisic.
62. What is Philology?
The science of language.
63. When is ue final, silent?
After g and q; as fatigue and oblique.
64. What are the elements of spoken
language?
Vocal and articulate sounds.
65. What are Hybrid words?
Mongrel compounds.
66. What is Terminology?
A treatise on technicalities.
1. What is Reading?
Silent perusal or distinct utterance of
thought and feeling, as
seen
expressed in written language.
2. How many kinds of Reading are there?
Two.
3. What are they?
Silent and Audible.
4. What is Silent Reading?
The perusal of Language without utterance.
5. What is Audible Reading?
The utterance of thought and feeling,
as seen expressed in written
Language.
6. What is Elocution?
The science and art of the delivery of
composition.
7. How many kinds of Delivery are there?
Three.
8. What are they?
Speaking, Declamation, and Oratory.
9. What is Speaking?
The utterance of thought and feeling without
reference to the
written
page.
10. What is Declamation?
The delivery of another’s composition.
11. What is Oratory?
The delivery of one’s own composition.
12. How many kinds of Oratory are there?
Two.
13. What are they?
Prepared and Extempore.
14. What is Prepared oratory?
That which has been studied previous to
delivery.
15. What is Extempore oratory?
That which is accomplished simultaneously
with the delivery.
16. What is Vocal Culture?
The training of the organs of speech for
effective delivery.
17. What should be the primary object
in Audible reading?
To convey to the hearer the ideas and
sentiments of the writer.
18. In order to accomplish this, what
should the Reader do?
Endeavor to make the feelings and sentiments
of the writer his own.
19. What are some of the essential
qualities of a good Reader?
To read slowly, observe the pauses, give
proper inflections, read
distinctly,
and with expression.
20. What is Enunciation?
The utterance of words.
21. Under how many Divisions should
the subject of reading be
treated?
Six.
22. What are they?
Articulation, Inflection, Accent, Emphasis,
the Voice, and Gesture.
23. What is Articulation?
Distinct utterance of the elementary sounds,
and of the
combinations.
24. Name four common faults in Articulation.
Omitting an unaccented vocal, dropping
the final sound, sounding
incorrectly
an unaccented vowel, and omitting syllables.
25. What is Inflection?
Sliding of the voice upward or downward.
26. How many kinds of Inflection are
there?
Two.
27. What are they?
Rising and falling.
28. What is the Rising inflection?
An upward slide of the voice.
29. What is the Falling inflection?
A downward slide of the voice.
30. Are the rising and falling inflections
both ever given to the
same
sound?
They are.
31. How is such inflection marked?
By the Circumflex.
32. How many kinds of Circumflex?
Two.
33. What are they?
Rising and falling.
34. What is the Rising Circumflex?
The sliding of the voice downward and
then upward on the same sound.
35. What is the Falling Circumflex?
The sliding of the voice upward and then
downward on the same sound.
36. What is a Monotone?
Reading without sliding the voice either
upward or downward.
37. Give Rule 1 for falling inflection.
Propositions which make complete sense
require the falling
inflection.
38. Does Emphasis ever reverse this
rule?
It does sometimes.
39. Give Rule 2.
Emphasis generally requires the falling
inflection.
40. Where the sense is dependent, what
inflection is generally
used?
The rising.
41. Does Emphasis ever affect this
rule?
Relative emphasis sometimes reverses it.
42. What kind of inflection should
be used at the end of an
interrogative
sentence?
Falling, if it cannot be answered by yes
or no.
43. Negative sentences require what
kind of inflection?
Rising.
44. Does Emphasis ever affect this
rule?
It does; often reversing it.
45. Imperative sentences have what
inflection?
Usually the falling.
46. What kind of words require opposite
inflection?
Words or members expressing antithesis
or contrast.
47. What is a Series?
A number of particulars following one
another in the same
construction.
48. How many kinds of Series?
Two.
49. What are they?
Commencing and Concluding.
50. What is a Commencing Series?
One that commences a sentence.
51. What is a Concluding Series?
One that concludes a sentence.
52. What inflection is given to the
members of a commencing
series?
The rising.
53. What inflection is given to the
members of a concluding
series?
The falling.
54. Are there any exceptions to these
rules?
There are.
55. What causes the exceptions?
Emphasis.
56. What is a Parenthesis in reading?
A sentence, or clause, set off by curves
from the context.
57. How should the Parenthesis be read?
In a lower tone and more rapidly.
58. What is the use of the Circumflex?
To express irony, or sarcasm.
59. What meaning is always suggested
by the Circumflex?
Doubtful or double meaning.
60. What is the use of the Monotones?
To produce an effect in grave and solemn
subjects.
61. What is Accent in reading?
Increase of force on certain syllables
of a word.
62. Give an example of Emphatic accent.
This corrup’tion must put on in’terruption.
63. What does Pitch signify?
The place in the musical scale on which
an element is sounded.
64. What is Force?
That property of the voice which relates
to loudness of sound.
65. How many different kinds of Force?
Five.
66. What are they?
Suppressed, subdued, ordinary, energetic,
and vehement.
67. To what does Stress relate?
Different modes of applying force.
68. How many kinds of Stress?
Three.
69. What are they?
Expulsive, Explosive, and Vanishing.
70. What is meant by Quantity?
Length of time the voice dwells on a word.
71. What is Quality?
That property which relates to the kind
of voice.
72. What is Movement?
The degree of rapidity with which the
voice moves from one word to
another.
73. How many kinds of Movement?
Six.
74. What are they?
Very slow, slow, moderate, lively, rapid,
and very rapid.
75. What does Expression comprehend?
The practical application of all the principles
of reading and
elocution.
76. What is Cadence?
The natural dropping of the voice at the
end of a sentence,
denoting completeness of thought.
77. What is a Rhetorical pause?
A suspension of the voice for rhetorical
effect.
78. What is Emphasis?
Giving force and energy to certain words.
79. How many kinds of Emphasis?
Two.
80. What are they?
Absolute and relative.
81. What is Absolute emphasis?
Emphasis made without any contrast with
other words.
82. What is Relative emphasis?
Emphasis used where there is antithesis
either expressed or implied.
83. Is a whole Phrase ever made emphatic?
It is often.
84. For what purpose?
To give it great force.
85. What is the Emphatic pause?
Pause made for emphasis.
86. What is Antithesis?
Two or more words opposed to each other
in meaning.
87. What is a Climax?
A series of particulars increasing in
importance to the last.
88. What is Anti-climax?
A series of particulars decreasing in
importance to the last.
89. What is meant by Transition?
Any sudden change in reading.
90. What is Emphatic repetition?
Words repeated for emphasis.
91. What is an Interrogation?
A statement, or assertion, put in the
form of a question.
92. What is an Exclamation?
A statement denoting strong emotions.
93. What is Personation?
One person imitating the actions and manners
of some other person
or
persons.
94. How many kinds of style in reading?
Five.
95. What are they?
Description, Argument, Narration, Persuasion,
Exhortation.
96. What should be characteristic of
the Descriptive style?
The Speaker should use the same manner
that he would if he were
actually
describing the thing spoken of.
97. What should be characteristic of
the Argumentative style?
Directness and earnestness.
98. What should characterize the Narrative?
The Reader should proceed as though relating
his own experience.
99. What the Persuasive?
Those tones, looks, and gestures which
bring conviction to the
hearer.
100. What should characterize the Exhortative?
The performer should appeal, beseech,
and implore, as the case may
require.
101. What is the Slur?
The smooth gliding of the voice in parenthetic
clauses, etc.
102. How are Emphatic words distinguished?
By different styles of printing.
103. How many kinds of letters are
used to denote emphasis?
Three usually.
104. What are they?
Italics, small capitals, and capitals.
105. What is Antithetic emphasis?
Same as Relative.
106. What is Modulation?
Variation of the voice in speaking and
reading.
107. What is Pure tone?
A clear, flowing sound, with moderate
pitch.
108. What is the Orotund?
Pure tone intensified.
109. For what is it adapted?
To express sublime and pathetic emotions.
110. What is the Aspirated tone?
An expulsion of breath, the words being
spoken in a whisper.
111. What is the Guttural quality?
Deep undertone.
112. What does it express?
Hatred, contempt, loathing, etc.
113. What is the Trembling tone?
A constant waver of the voice.
114. What does it express?
An intense degree of suppressed excitement,
or personates old age.
115. What are Pauses?
Suspensions of the voice in reading or
speaking.
116. How many kinds of pauses are there?
Two.
117. What are they?
Grammatical and Rhetorical.
118. What is Suspensive quantity?
Prolongation of the voice at the end of
a word without making an
actual
pause.
119. What does Quantity embrace?
Force and rate.
120. What quality of voice is mostly
used in speaking and reading?
Pure tone.
121. What is meant by Prose?
All composition which is not written in
verse.
122. What are some of the varieties
of Prose?
Letters, Essays, Travels, History, and
Discourses.
123. What is a Letter as a variety
of prose?
A written communication addressed by the
writer to some other
person.
124. What is an Essay?
A written discourse on some special subject.
125. What are Travels?
Records of journeys.
126. What is History?
A record of past events.
127. What is a Discourse?
A performance read or spoken to an audience.
128. Should the voice agree in style
with the different varieties
of
prose?
It should, and the performer should endeavor
to produce the exact
sentiments
of the writer.
129. What is Poetry?
A discourse written in verse and metrical
language.
130. What is a Verse?
A single line of metrical language.
131. Is it correct to use the term
verse in speaking of a
division
of prose?
It is not.
132. What should we call such division?
Paragraph or Division.
133. What is a Stanza?
A number of metrical lines, or verses,
combined according to a
regular
system.
134. How many kinds of metrical language?
Two.
135. What are they?
Rhyme and Blank Verse.
136. What is Rhyme?
That language in which the concluding
syllables of the verses have
a
similarity of sound.
137. How many kinds of Rhyme?
Two.
138. What are they?
Perfect and imperfect.
139. What is a Perfect rhyme?
Where the vowels have the same sound.
140. What is an Imperfect rhyme?
Where the vowels have a different sound.
141. What is Blank Verse?
A kind of metrical language in which there
is no similarity of
sound.
142. What is the Caesura pause?
A rhythmic pause occurring in a verse.
143. How many rules should be observed
in the use of the Caesura?
Three.
144. Give Rule 1.
The pause should be near the middle of
the verse.
145. Give Rule 2.
It should never divide a word.
146. Give Rule 3.
Should not separate words from their modifiers,
as adjectives from
nouns,
adverbs from verbs, etc.
147. Do all verses have the caesura
pause?
They do if over three feet in length.
148. What is meant by a Foot in verse?
A certain portion of a line divided according
to accent.
149. When melody comes in contact with
accent, which should yield?
Accent.
150. Is there any other rhythmic pause
than the Caesura?
There is; the demi-caesura is sometimes
used.
151. How many kinds of Poetry are there?
Seven.
152. What are they?
Epic, Dramatic, Lyric, Elegiac, Didactic,
Satiric and Pastoral.
153. What is an Epic poem?
A poetical recital of some great and heroic
enterprise.
154. Are there many Epic poems?
There are not; most nations have one.
155. Name the three Epics of greatest
note.
Homer’s Iliad, Virgil’s Aeneid,
and Milton’s Paradise Lost.
156. What language were these poems
written in?
The Iliad in Greek, Aeneid in Latin, and
Paradise Lost in English.
157. What does the Iliad describe or
narrate?
The downfall of Troy, which was the most
memorable event in the
early
history of the Trojans and Greeks.
158. What does the Aeneid narrate?
The perils and labors of Aeneas, who was
the reputed founder of the
Roman
race.
159. What does Paradise Lost describe?
The downfall of not only the Human but
of the Angelic host.
160. What is a Dramatic poem?
One similar in many respects to an Epic.
161. Name some point of difference.
Epic relates past events; the Drama represents
events as taking
place
at the present time.
162. Name the greatest Dramatic writer
of the English.
Shakespeare.
163. What is a Drama called that is
set to music?
An opera.
164. What is a Melodrama?
A dramatic poem some parts of which are
spoken and some are sung.
165. What is Lyric Poetry?
It is the oldest kind of poetry, and was
originally intended to be
sung
to the accompaniment of the lyre.
166. What are Sonnets?
A kind of Lyric Poems.
167. What is an Elegy?
A poem of a mournful kind, usually celebrating
the virtues of some
person
deceased.
168. What is an Epitaph?
A short Elegy inscribed on a monument,
or written in praise of any
one.
169. What is a Pastoral poem?
One that describes country life.
170. What is a Didactic poem?
One the aim of which is to give instruction.
171. What is Meditative Poetry?
A kind of Didactic poetry.
172. Name two noted Didactic poems.
Bryant’s “Thanatopsis,”
and Campbell’s “Pleasures of Hope.”
173. What is a Satire?
One that holds up the follies of men to
ridicule.
174. Is a Satire personal?
It is not.
175. What is a Lampoon?
A poem that attacks individuals.
176. What is Gesture?
Expression given to language by movements
of the body, limbs, etc.
177. What kind of Gesture is most appropriate?
That which is natural.
178. What attitude should be used in
reading and speaking?
Standing.
179. Which hand should hold the book?
The left, if possible.
180. Should a Reader keep his eyes
on the book constantly?
He should not; but cast the eyes away
from the page as often as
possible.
181. Should a gesture be made while
the eyes are looking on the
book?
It should not.
182. In what kind of language are gestures
inappropriate?
Didactic or unimpassioned discourse.
183. Should a Speaker begin to gesticulate
as soon as he begins
his
discourse?
Very seldom, before he has entered fully
into the discourse.
184. How many positions are recognized
for the hand when not used
in
gesticulating?
Three.
185. What are they?
Hanging naturally at the side; resting
upon the hip with the elbow
thrown
backward; and resting on your bosom.
186. What are Descriptive gestures?
Those used in describing objects.
187. What are Significant gestures?
Those which have special signification.
188. Name some Significant gestures
of the head.
It drops in grief and shame, and nods
in assent; shakes in
dissent,
and leans forward in attention.
189. Name some Significant gestures
of the eyes.
Raised in prayer, weep in sorrow, burn
in anger, and are cast on
vacancy
in thought.
190. Name some of the passions of the
mind.
Love, anger, joy, sorrow, fear, and courage.
191. What tone of voice should be used
in the expression of Love?
Soft, smooth, and languishing voice.
192. What tone of voice should be used
to express Anger?
Strong, vehement, and elevated voice.
193. Where is the best place to practice
elocution and reading?
In the open air, or in a well ventilated
room.
194. Should a Reader or Speaker pay
strict attention to the rules
of
elocution?
He should not, but study nature rather.
195. What is the Soul of Oratory?
Emotion.
196. What is meant by the Compass of
the voice?
The range in which it can be properly
controlled.
197. How may the Compass of the voice
be increased?
By continued practice on a very low and
very high key.
198. Should a Reader or Speaker drink
any liquid while exercising
the
voice?
He should not, for it is injurious to
the vocal chords.
199. What effect does Tobacco have
on the voice?
It enfeebles the nervous system and breathing
organs, and makes
the
voice dry, harsh, and ungovernable.
200. What effect do Stimulants have
on the voice?
Irritate and inflame the vocal organs,
which results in
hoarseness
and produces too high a key, which terminates in a
squeaking
tone.
201. In faulty articulation what sounds
are usually mispronounced?
The vowel sounds of the unaccented syllables.
202. What Consonants are often incorrectly
dropped?
The final consonants.
203. How may distinct Articulation
be acquired?
By continued practice of the elementary
sounds.
204. What are the most prominent Elements
of all words?
The vowels.
205. Which sounds should be practiced
first?
The vowels; as they are the most easily
uttered.
206. Can the sounds of the Consonants
be given alone?
They can by practice.
207. What is the source of the greatest
defect in Articulation?
Improper sounding of the consonants.
208. What kind of Inflection is generally
given to words of great
emphasis?
The falling; unless the sentiment requires
the rising.
209. When is the Inflection of a question
changed from the
falling
to the rising?
When it is repeated or made emphatic.
210. In the introductory part of a
sentence, where the sense is
incomplete,
what inflection is used?
Unless great emphasis is required, the
rising should be used.
211. The names of persons addressed
in formal speech require what
inflection?
The falling should always be used in such
cases.
212. General statements require what
inflection?
The falling.
213. For the sake of harmony, what
principle should govern the
reader?
When a sentence ends with the falling
inflection, the rising
should
precede it.
214. When sentences commence with verbs,
what inflection is
required?
Mostly the rising.
215. What is meant by an Echo in reading?
Interrogative exclamations, where the
question is repeated.
216. Give an example of Echo.
What’s the trouble? What’s
the trouble? trouble enough.
217. What inflection should be given
to members of sentences
connected
disjunctively?
First member, the rising; second member,
the falling.
218. When several Emphatic words or
members come together, how
should
they be inflected?
The most emphatic, the falling; and the
others the rising.
219. What is a Simple Series in reading?
A series of particulars that is composed
of single words.
220. What is meant by a Compound Series?
One that is composed of clauses is called
compound.
221. What determines Accent?
The usage of our best speakers and writers
of the present.
222. To whom does it belong to determine
and record such usage?
The Lexicographers.
223. Are there any cases in which we
can trace the reason for the
accent?
There are; in discriminating accent where
it is used to determine
the
parts of speech.
224. Do we ever have two sets of Antitheses
in the same sentence?
We do; as each member may contain an antithesis.
225. Give an example.
John was hurt; William escaped.
226. How many sets of Antitheses may
be used in one sentence?
Often three; but seldom more.
227. Should there be any difference
in the tone of voice used in
reading
verse and prose?
There should be a difference.
228. What different style ought to
be used?
The monotone and rising inflection are
more frequently used in
verse
than in prose.
229. What is the greatest difficulty
met with in reading or
declaiming
poetic selections?
In giving it that measured flow which
distinguishes it from prose,
without
falling into a continued monotone.
230. What is a good method to break
up this habit?
Reduce the selection to prose, and deliver
it in an earnest,
conversational
style.
231. Why should there be a short pause
at the end of each line of
poetry,
even where the sense does not require it?
In order that the measure of the
poem may be more perceptible to
the
ear.
232. What is it that constitutes the
melody of a poem?
The pauses and accents chiefly.
233. What rule should govern the reader
in the use of pauses and
accents?
Use variety, and not make them too prominent.
234. What tone of voice should be used
in reading a Simile in
poetry?
The simile should be read in a lower tone
than the rest of the
passage.
235. What, with regard to the voice,
is an important object to
every
speaker and reader?
The important object is to have a full,
even tone of voice.
236. What key of the voice should be
most diligently improved?
The natural key, or that which is used
most.
237. What is meant by the natural key
or pitch?
That which is peculiar to the individual,
and in which he can use
most
easily to himself, and most agreeably to others.
238. How can the natural tone of voice
be strengthened?
By reading and speaking as loud as possible,
without suffering the
voice
to rise into a higher key.
239. What is the best method of strengthening
the natural key?
By speaking and reading strong, animated
passages in a small room.
240. How may low tones be acquired?
By continued practice in a lower key than
the natural.
241. How may a high key be acquired?
In the same manner as a low key; by pitching
the voice first
a
little higher than the natural, and mastering that
thoroughly,
then still higher and higher.
242. What is meant by Rotundity of
the voice?
That peculiar form of tone which the Romans
called “Ore rotundo,”
which
signifies “Round mouth.”
243. In what kind of sentences is the
Rotundity of the voice
exemplified?
In the hailing of vessels, and is used
especially by sailors and
officers.
244. Which is the most difficult:
to raise the voice to a higher
pitch,
or to bring it to a lower?
The lowering of the voice is more difficult,
and requires great
care
and practice.
245. What is a common fault with most
public speakers?
To run the voice into too high a key,
and thus weary the hearers.
246. What is a good rule by which to
govern the voice?
To start on a key lower than the natural,
and thus avoid running
too
high.
247. What are the principal styles
of different reading
selections?
Descriptive, Narrative, Senatorial, Moral,
Didactic, Dramatic, and
Amusing.
248. What tone of voice should be used
in reading a Descriptive
selection?
The ordinary, natural tone, with a careful
use of emphasis.
249. What tone of voice is best adapted
to the reading of a
Narration?
The conversational tone, with as little
reference to the printed
page
as possible.
250. What style is the best adapted
to Senatorial reading?
An imitative style and tone, being careful
in the use of the
emphatic
pause.
251. What tone is best adapted to the
reading of Moral and
Religious
selections?
Low and moderate tone, expressing feeling
and sentiment, being
careful
not to read too fast.
252. What style is best adapted to
Didactic reading?
That peculiar style which is best adapted
to impart instruction,
laying
special stress on the important idea.
253. What style and tone are best adapted
to the reading of
Dramatic
selections?
A style and tone which are entirely imitative
in character.
254. What tone or character of voice
is best suited to the
rendering
of Amusing selections?
That which will bring out the mirthful
sentiment, to the exclusion
of
all rules for accent, emphasis, etc.
255. Should all persons use the same
tones of voice and style in
reading
selections?
They should not; as individuals are differently
constituted,
so
they have different ways of expressing their ideas
and
sentiments.
MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES.
1. Abaissement. 2. Abductor. 3. Abelmoschus. 4. Aberration. 5. Abies. 6. Ablepsy. 7. Abnormal. 8. Abouchement. 9. Abscess. 10. Abscission. 11. Absinthium. 12. Abstergent. 13. Abominable. 14. Aborigines. 15. Abridgment. 16. Absinthe. 17. Abstemious. 18. Abstrusely. 19. Abysmal. 20. Acacia. 21. Academician. 22. Acanthus. 23. Acarpous. 24. Acaulous. 25. Accede. 26. Accelerate. 27. Accessible. 28. Accessory. 29. Accomplice. 30. Accostable. 31. Accoutre. 32. Acephalous. 33. Acerbity. 34. Acescent. 35. Acetify. 36. Acetometer. 37. Ache. 38. Achievable. 39. Achromatic. 40. Acicular. 41. Acolyte. 42. Acoustic. 43. Acquiesce. 44. Acquittal. 45. Acreage. 46. Acrobat. 47. Acropolis. 48. Acrostic. 49. Actualize. 50. Aculeate. 51. Baa. 52. Bacchanal. 53. Backsheesh. 54. Baconian. 55. Bagatelle. 56. Balk. 57. Bandelet. 58. Barbican. 59. Baryta. 60. Barru. 61. Basalt. 62. Basic. 63. Basilica. 64. Basilisk. 65. Bastile. 66. Baccae. 67. Caboodle. 68. Cacoethes. 69. Cacophony. 70. Cadaverous. 71. Cadenza. 72. Caducus. 73. Caduceus. 74. Caique. 75. Caisson. 76. Caecal. 77. Calaboose. 78. Calciferous. 79. Caffeine. 80. Calcined. 81. Caldarium. 82. Caligo. 83. Calorimeter. 84. Caltha. 85. Calx. 86. Catechu. 87. Cellular. 88. Chemosis. 89. Chiastre. 90. Chilblain. 91. Chymification. 92. Cilium. 93. Clematis. 94. Cochineal. 95. Codeia. 96. Contagious. 97. Coronoid. 98. Dacryoma. 99. Dahline. 100. Daphne. 101. Datura. 102. Deciduous. 103. Decollation. 104. Dactylology. 105. Dahlia. 106. Decumbent. 107. Degmus. 108. Dawdle. 109. Dengue. 110. Deltoid. 111. Debut. 112. Decastyle. 113. Deliquium. 114. Decennial. 115. Dentatus. 116. Dentagra. 117. Demesne. 118. Diaphysis. 119. Diastole. 120. Didym. 121. Desuetude. 122. Echinus. 123. Echinops. 124. Ecarte. 125. Ebullition. 126. Eclat. 127. Edacious. 128. Eclysis. 129. Ecphlysis. 130. Eider. 131. Eke. 132. Effete. 133. Elysian. 134. Egophony. 135. Empiric. 136. Empyrean. 137. Encaustic. 138. Enceinte. 139. Elaine. 140. Encore. 141. Encyclical. 142. Encysted. 143. Elephas. 144. Enmity. 145. Ensconce. 146. Facet. 147. Facetious. 148. Facial. 149. Factitious. 150. Falderals. 151. Falsetto. 152. Fantasia. 153. Fascicle. 154. Fauces. 155. Fauna. 156. Febrile. 157. Felly. 158. Felloe. 159. Fuzz. 160. Gala. 161. Gamboge. 162. Gamut. 163. Ganoid. 164. Gaol. 165. Garrote. 166. Gawk. 167. Gelatine. 168. Gelid. 169. Gemini. 170. Genial. 171. Geode. 172. Geognosy. 173. Geodesy. 174. Georama. 175. Hegira. 176. Heifer. 177. Helix. 178. Helve. 179. Hernia. 180. Hexahedron. 181. Hexastyle. 182. Hockle. 183. Hone. 184. Hookah. 185. Horologe. 186. Icarian. 187. Ibis. 188. Ibex. 189. Ichor. 190. Ichneumon. 191. Ichthyolite. 192. IdesPage 40
193. Idiom. 194. Idyl. 195. Ignescent. 196. Iguana. 197. Ileum. 198. Impede. 199. Impennate. 200. Indocile. 201. Inebriate. 202. Insidious. 203. Jabber. 204. Jacinth. 205. Jackal. 206. Jaconet. 207. Jalap. 208. Jaguar. 209. Janitor. 210. Jeer. 211. Jejune. 212. Jujube. 213. Junket. 214. Juno. 215. Kale. 216. Katydid. 217. Kistvaen. 218. Kyanize. 219. Lac. 220. Labyrinth. 221. Lachrymal. 222. Landwehr. 223. Limbo. 224. Llama. 225. Loo. 226. Mab. 227. Macaw. 228. Machinate. 229. Madrigal. 230. Magenta. 231. Monolith. 232. Nard. 233. Naphtha. 234. Nadir. 235. Naiad. 236. Niggard. 237. Nympha. 238. Obesity. 239. Obloquy. 240. Obverse. 241. Occiput. 242. Ochre. 243. Pabulum. 244. Palanquin. 245. Paletot. 246. Replevin. 247. Resuscitate. 248. Sabaoth. 249. Sacerdotal. 250. Sacrum. 251. Sadducee.
PROPER NOUNS TO SPELL.
1. Aaron. 2. Abdiel. 3. Abiezer. 4. Adolphus. 5. Albion. 6. Alexander. 7. Alonzo. 8. Alpheus. 9. Alvah. 10. Alwin. 11. Ammi. 12. Amos. 13. Andronicus. 14. Antony. 15. Apollos. 16. Aristarchus. 17. Artemas. 18. Azariah. 19. Augustus. 20. Asher. 21. Baldwin. 22. Barnabas. 23. Barnaby. 24. Bartholomew. 25. Basil. 26. Benedict. 27. Benoni. 28. Barnard. 29. Bertram. 30. Brian. 31. Bruno. 32. Caesar. 33. Caleb. 34. Calvin. 35. Cephas. 36. Clarence. 37. Claudius. 38. Clement. 39. Cornelius. 40. Crispus. 41. Cyril. 42. Cyrus. 43. Daniel. 44. Darius. 45. Demetrius. 46. Denis. 47. Dionysius. 48. Donald. 49. Duncan. 50. Ebenezer. 51. Edgar. 52. Edwin. 53. Elbert. 54. Eleazer. 55. Elias. 56. Elisha. 57. Ellis. 58. Elnathan. 59. Eneas. 60. Enoch. 61. Enoz. 62. Erasmus. 63. Erie. 64. Esau. 65. Everard. 66. Erwin. 67. Fernando. 68. Festus. 69. Frederic. 70. Gamaliel. 71. Germanie. 72. Gershon. 73. Godfrey. 74. Gregory. 75. Guy. 76. Hannibal. 77. Heman. 78. Hercules. 79. Herbert. 80. Hezekiah. 81. Hillel. 82. Homer. 83. Hubert. 84. Hugo. 85. Immanuel. 86. Ingram. 87. Ivan. 88. Jabez. 89. Jairus. 90. Japheth. 91. Jason. 92. Jeremy. 93. Jerome. 94. Jess. 95. Joel. 96. Jonah. 97. Josiah. 98. Jotham. 99. Judah. 100. Julius. 101. Justus. 102. Justun. 103. Jonathan. 104. Kennett. 105. Marion. 106. Philip. 107. Philander.
1. Sirup. 2. Skyey. 3. Proxy. 4. Piquant. 5. Pibroch. 6. Monkery. 7. Irascible. 8. Conceit. 9. Controllable. 10. Coquet (Verb). 11. Coquette (Noun). 12. Cyclopedia. 13. Fascine. 14. Steelyard. 15. Precious. 16. Seize. 17. Beeves. 18. Civilize. 19. Resuscitate. 20. Heinous. 21. Contemptible. 22. Transitory. 23. Conspiracy. 24. Feminine. 25. Petite. 26. Police. 27. Valise. 28. Verdigris. 29. Routine. 30. Douche. 31. Whorl. 32. Truffle. 33. Debut. 34. Caesura. 35. Connoisseur. 36. Sumac. 37. Hymeneal. 38. Keelson. 39. Coterie. 40. Recipe. 41. Sapphire. 42. Cognac. 43. Restaurant. 44. Homicide. 45. Patricide. 46. Fratricide. 47. Regicide. 48. Suicide. 49. Matricide. 50. Infanticide.
WORDS TO BE MARKED DIACRITICALLY.
1. Sice. 2. Says. 3. Phthisic. 4. Ennui. 5. Vignette. 6. Cortege. 7. Myrrh. 8. Chamois. 9. Sergeant. 10. Boudoir. 11. Hiccough. 12. Bureau. 13. Again. 14. Discern. 15. Bijou. 16. Flambeau. 17. Said. 18. Croquet. 19. Salon. 20. Suave. 21. Shew. 22. Strew. 23. Bouffe. 24. Enough. 25. Suffice. 26. Squirrel. 27. Busy. 28. Cough. 29. Buoy. 30. Many. 31. Pretty. 32. Canon. 33. Chapeau. 34. Menage. 35. Once. 36. Cafe. 37. Colonel. 38. Cuirass. 39. Gunwale. 40. Dahlia. 41. Soiree. 42. Sapphire. 43. Cognac. 44. Sacrifice. 45. Escritoire. 46. Barege. 47. Soldier. 48. Fortune. 49. Nephew. 50. Lettuce. 51. Entree. 52. Regime. 53. Physique. 54. Protege. 55. Sleuth. 56. Blonde. 57. Coiffure. 58. Afghan. 59. Glebe. 60. Chenille. 61. Chasseur 62. Gyves. 63. Guy. 64. Banyan. 65. Lapel. 66. Kerchief. 67. Gnostic. 68. Corymb. 69. Chevron. 70. Eleve. 71. Touch. 72. Chintz. 73. Meerschaum. 74. Buhr-stone. 75. Camphene. 76. Cigar. 77. Deleble. 78. Polyglot. 79. Diamond. 80. Courier. 81. Sorcery. 82. Extirpate. 83. Gaseous. 84. Docible. 85. Alias. 86. Potpourri. 87. Soprano. 88. Apparel. 89. Palaver. 90. Anchovy. 91. Hygiene. 92. Alchemy. 93. Ascendant. 94. Syzygy. 95. Barbecue. 96. Proboscis. 97. Carbine. 98. Disown. 99. Forbade. 100. Farewell. 101. Resource. 102. Extol. 103. Diverge. 104. Contour. 105. Bourgeois. 106. Disarm. 107. Whither. 108. Water. 109. Larynx. 110. Soul. 111. Crypt. 112. Fleche. 113. Weevil. 114. Lacquer. 115. Phenix. 116. Roguish. 117. Wheyey. 118. Sachel. 119. Rhymer. 120. Psychic. 121. Ptisan. 122. Calker. 123. Depot. 124. Catarrh. 125. Condemn. 126. Bristle. 127. Wriggle. 128. Christen. 129. Naphtha. 130. Chalky. 131. Gherkin. 132. Fraught. 133. Qualm. 134. Vault. 135. Knob. 136. Papaw. 137. Gauging. 138. Cologne. 139. Quadrille. 140. Skyish. 141. Sorghum. 142. Survey. 143. Victuals. 144. Scissors. 145. Gnomon. 146. Ghastly. 147. Phlegm. 148. Gnarl. 149. Gnash. 150. Tertian. 151. Phantom. 152. Livre. 153. Lyrist. 154. Nuisance. 155. Scheme. 156. Chief. 157. Siege. 158. Keyed. 159. Caucus. 160. College. 161. Leather. 162. Caught. 163. Skein. 164. Coerce. 165. Policy. 166. Legacy. 167. Codicil. 168. Domicile. 169. Hypocrite. 170. Tortoise. 171. Mortise. 172. Porridge. 173. Eagle. 174. Greasy. 175. Pardon. 176. Poleax. 177. Deanery. 178. Mechanics 179. Dialogue. 180. Inveigher. 181. Solstitial. 182. Official. 183. Reprieve. 184. Barter. 185. Succeed. 186. Accede. 187. Salmon. 188. Verger. 189. Wooed. 190. Sausage. 191. Pigeon. 192. Chloral. 193. Balance. 194. Silence. 195. Fallible. 196. Prelacy. 197. Foretell. 198. Going. 199. Chyle. 200. Fascinate. 201. Secrecy. 202. Vacillate. 203. Paralyze. 204. Advertise. 205. Ecstasy. 206. Exertion. 207. Cynical. 208. Article. 209. City. 210. Busily. 211. Guttural. 212. Scholar. 213. Sibyl. 214. Abscess. 215. Guinea. 216. Voracity.
1. Acts. 1. Ax. 2. Poll. 2. Pole. 3. Roe. 3. Row. 4. Gate 4. Gait. 5. Main. 5. Mane. 6. Bough. 6. Bow. 7. Hue. 7. Hugh. 8. Bear. 8. Beech. 9. Dear. 9. Deer. 10. Wright. 10. Write. 11. Right. 11. Rite. 12. All. 12. Awl. 13. Bay. 13. Bey. 14. Ark. 14. Arch. 15. Colonel. 15. Kernel. 16. Ruff. 16. Rough. 17. Might. 17. Mite. 18. Rode. 18. Road. 19. Seen. 19. Scene. 20. Corps. 20. Core. 21. Mold. 21. Mould. 22. Great. 22. Grate. 23. Sun. 23. Son. 24. Break. 24. Brake. 25. Dough. 25. Doe. 26. Night. 26. Knight. 27. Sweet. 27. Suite. 28. Four. 28. Fore. 29. Bier. 29. Beer. 30. Beat. 30. Beet. 31. Currant. 31. Current. 32. Viol. 32. Vile. 33. Sent. 33. Scent. 34. Sear. 34. Seer. 35. Lane. 35. Lain. 36. Able. 36. Abel. 37. Knot. 37. Not. 38. Raise. 38. Raze. 39. Hoard. 39. Horde. 40. Lyre. 40. Liar. 41. Symbol. 41. Cymbal. 42. Hawk. 42. Hough. 43. Sine. 43. Sign. 44. Rain. 44. Rein. 45. Lo. 45. Low. 46. Hie. 46. High. 47. Assent. 47. Ascent. 48. Lute. 48. Loot. 49. Lore. 49. Lower. 50. Sell. 50. Cell. 51. Sail. 51. Sale. 52. Lode. 52. Load. 53. Loan. 53. Lone. 54. Fete. 54. Fate. 55. Lien. 55. Lean. 56. Layer. 56. Lair. 57. Hay. 57. Hey. 58. Idle. 58. Idyl. 59. Hart. 59. Heart. 60. Bass. 60. Base. 61. Bale. 61. Bail. 62. Heel. 62. Heal. 63. Sight. 63. Cite. 64. Haul. 64. Hall. 65. Hale. 65. Hail. 66. Lac. 66. Lack. 67. Nay. 67. Neigh. 68. Altar. 68. Alter. 69. Day. 69. Dey. 70. Hair. 70. Hare. 71. Lye. 71. Lie. 72. Council. 72. Counsel. 73. Mean. 73. Mien. 74. Ate. 74. Eight. 75. Aught. 75. Ought. 76. Wrack. 76. Rack. 77. Reek. 77. Wreak. 78. Wreck. 78. Reck. 79. Rime. 79. Rhyme. 80. Ring. 80. Wring. 81. Wrote. 81. Rote. 82. Rest. 82. Wrest. 83. Hole. 83. Whole. 84. Leek. 84. Leak. 85. Wave. 85. Waive. 86. Week. 86. Weak. 87. Fort. 87. Forte. 88. Soul. 88. Sole. 89. Strait.Page 43
89. Straight. 90. Seed. 90. Cede. 91. Seen. 91. Seine. 92. Seize. 92. Cease. 93. See. 93. Sea. 94. Cole. 94. Coal. 95. Bourne. 95. Born. 96. Bite. 96. Bight. 97. Floe. 97. Flow. 98. Bell. 98. Belle.
SELECT READING.
1. The most skillful gauger I ever knew was a maligned cobbler, armed with a poniard, who drove a peddler’s wagon, using a mullein stalk as an instrument of coercion to tyrannize over his pony shod with calks. He was a Galilean Sadducee, and he had a phthisicky catarrh, diphtheria, and the bilious intermittent erysipelas.
2. A certain sibyl, with the sobriquet of “Gypsy,” went into ecstasies of cachinnation at seeing him measure a bushel of peas and separate saccharine tomatoes from a heap of peeled potatoes, without dyeing or singeing the ignitible queue which he wore, or becoming paralyzed with hemorrhage.
3. Lifting her eyes to the ceiling of the cupola of the capitol to conceal her unparalleled embarrassment, making him a rough courtesy, and not harrassing him with mystifying, rarefying, and stupefying innuendoes, she gave him a couch, a bouquet of lilies, mignonette, and fuchsias, a treatise on mnemonics, a copy of the Apocrypha in hieroglyphics, daguerreotypes of Mendelssohn and Kosciusko, a kaleidoscope, a dram-phial of ipecacuanha, a teaspoonful of naphtha for deleble purposes, a ferrule, a clarionet, some licorice, a surcingle, a carnelian of symmetrical proportions, a chronometer with a movable balance-wheel, a box of dominoes, and a catechism.
4. The gauger, who was also a trafficking rectifier and a parishioner of mine, preferring a woolen surtout (his choice was referrible to a vacillating, occasionally occurring idiosyncrasy), wofully uttered this apothegm: “Life is checkered; but schism, apostasy, heresy and villainy shall be punished.” The sibyl apologizingly answered: “There is a ratable and allegeable difference between a conferrable ellipsis and a trisyllabic diaeresis.” We replied in trochees, not impugning her suspicion.
1. One enervating morning, just after the rise of the sun, a youth bearing the cognomen of Galileo glided into his gondola over the legendary waters of the lethean Thames. He was accompanied by his allies and coadjutors, the dolorous Pepys and the erudite Cholmondeley, the most combative aristocrat extant, and an epicurean who, for learned vagaries and revolting discrepancies of character, would take precedence of the most erudite of all Areopagite literati.
2. These sacrilegious dramatis personae were discussing in detail a suggestive and exhaustive address, delivered from the proscenium box of the Calisthenic Lyceum by a notable financier on obligatory hydropathy, as accessory to the irrevocable and irreparable doctrine of evolution, which had been vehemently panegyrized by a splenetic professor of acoustics, and simultaneously denounced by a complaisant opponent as an undemonstrated romance of the last decade, amenable to no reasoning, however allopathic, outside of its own lamentable environs.
3. These peremptory tripartite brethren arrived at Greenwich, wishing to aggrandize themselves by indulging in exemplary relaxation, indicatory of implacable detestation of integral tergiversation and exoteric intrigue. They fraternized with a phrenological harlequin who was a connoisseur in mezzotint and falconry. The piquant person was heaping contumely and scathing raillery on an amateur in jugular recitative, who held that the Pharaohs of Asia were conversant with his theory that morphine and quinine were exorcists of bronchitis.
4. Meanwhile, the leisurely Augustine of Cockburn drank from a tortoise-shell wassail cup to the health of an apotheosized recusant, who was his supererogatory patron, and an assistant recognizance in the immobile nomenclature of interstitial molecular phonics. The contents of the vase proving soporific, a stolid plebeian took from its cerements a heraldic violoncello, and, assisted by a plethoric diocesan from Pall Mall, who performed on a sonorous piano-forte, proceeded to wake the clangorous echoes of the Empyrean. They bade the prolyx Caucasian gentlemen not to misconstrue their inexorable demands, while they dined on acclimated anchovies and apricot truffles, and had for dessert a wiseacre’s pharmacopoeia. Thus the truculent Pythagoreans had a novel repast fit for the gods.
5. On the subsidence of the feast they alternated between soft languors and isolated scenes of squalor, which followed a mechanist’s reconnaissance of the imagery of Uranus, the legend of whose incognito related to a poniard wound in the abdomen received while cutting a swath in the interests of telegraphy and posthumous photography. Meantime an unctuous orthoepist applied a homeopathic restorative to the retina of an objurgatory spaniel (named Daniel) and tried to perfect the construction of a behemoth which had got mired in pygmean slough, while listening to the elegiac soughing of the prehistoric wind.
1. Geoffrey, surnamed Winthrop, sat in the depot at Chicago, waiting for his train and reading the Tribune, when a squadron of street Arabs (incomparable for squalor) thronged from a neighboring alley, uttering hideous cries, accompanied by inimitable gestures of heinous exultation, as they tortured a humble black-and-tan dog.
2. “You little blackguards!” cried Winthrop, stepping outside and confronting them, adding the inquiry, “Whose dog is that?”
3. “That audacious Caucasian has the bravado to interfere with our clique,” tauntingly shrieked the indisputable little ruffian, exhibiting combativeness.
4. “What will you take for him?” asked the lenient Geoffrey, ignoring the venial tirade.
5. “Twenty-seven cents,” piquantly answered the ribald urchin, grabbing the crouching dog by the nape.
6. “You can buy licorice and share with the indecorous coadjutors of your condemnable cruelty,” said Winthrop, paying the price and taking the dog from the child. Then catching up his valise and umbrella he hastened to his train. Winthrop satisfied himself that his sleek protege was not wounded, and then cleaned the cement from the pretty collar, and read these words; “Leicester. Licensed, No. 1880.”
7. Hearing the pronunciation of his name, the docile canine expressed gratitude and pleasure, and then sank exhausted at his new patron’s feet and slept.
8. Among the other passengers was a magazine contributor, writing vagaries of Indian literature, also two physicians, a somber, irrevocable, irrefragable allopathist, and a genial homeopathist, who made a specialty of bronchitis. Two peremptory attorneys from the Legislature of Iowa were discussing the politics of the epoch and the details of national finance, while a wan, dolorous person, wearing concave glasses, alternately ate troches and almonds for a sedative, and sought condolence in a high, lamentable treble from a lethargic and somewhat deaf and enervate comrade not yet acclimated.
9. Near three exemplary brethren (probably sinecurists) sat a group of humorous youths; and a jocose sailor (lately from Asia) in a blouse waist and tarpaulin hat was amusing his patriotic, juvenile listeners by relating a series of the most extraordinary legends extant, suggested by the contents of the knapsack which he was calmly and leisurely arranging in a pyramidal form on a three-legged stool. Above swung figured placards, with museum and lyceum advertisements, too verbose to be misconstrued.
10. A mature matron of medium height, and her comely daughter, soon entered the car, and took seats in front of Winthrop (who recalled having seen them on Tuesday, in February, in the parquet of a theater). The young lady had recently made her debut into society at a musical soiree at her aunt’s. She had an exquisite bouquet of flowers that exhaled sweet perfume. She said to her parent, “Mamma, shall we ever find my lost Leicester?”
11. Geoffrey immediately addressed her, saying, as he presented his card—
“Pardon my apparent intrusiveness; but, prithee, have you lost a pet dog?”
12. The explanation that he had been stolen was scarcely necessary, for Leicester, just awakening, vehemently expressed his inexplicable joy by buoyantly vibrating between the two like the sounding lever used in telegraphy (for to neither of them would he show partiality), till, succumbing to ennui, he purported to take a recess, and sat on his haunches, complaisantly contemplating his friends. It was truly an interesting picture.
13. They reached their destination ere the sun was beneath the horizon. Often during the summer Winthrop gallantly rowed from the quay, with the naive and blithe Beatrice in her jaunty yachting suit, but no coquetry shone from the depths of her azure eyes. Little Less, their jocund confidante and courier (and who was as sagacious as a spaniel), always attended them on these occasions, and whene’er they rambled through the woodland paths. While the band played strains from Beethoven Mendelssohn, Bach and others, they promenaded the long corridors of the hotel. And one evening, as Beatrice lighted the gas by the etagere in her charming boudoir in their suite of rooms, there glistened brilliantly a valuable solitaire diamond on her finger.
14. Let us look into the future for the sequel to perfect this romance, and around a cheerful hearth we see again Geoffrey and Beatrice, who are paying due homage to their tiny friend Leicester.
1. A sacrilegious son of Belial, who suffered from bronchitis and diphtheria, and had taken much morphine and quinine, having exhausted his finances, in order to make good the deficit, resolved to ally himself to a complaisant, lenient, docile, young woman of the Caucasian race. Buying a calliope, a coral necklace, an illustrated magazine, and a falcon from Asia, he took a suite of rooms, whose acoustic properties were excellent, and engaged a Malay as his coadjutor.
2. Being of an epicurean disposition, he threw the culinary department of his hotel into confusion by ordering for his dinner vermicelli soup, a bologna sausage, anchovies, calf’s brains fried, and half a gooseberry pie. For the resulting dyspepsia he took acetic and tartaric acid, according to allopathy, and when his aunt, a fair matron of six decades, called, he was tyrannic and combative, and laughed like a brigand until she was obliged to succumb to his contumacy.
3. Etiquette being thus annihilated, he became amenable to tenderer passions. He sent a letter, inviting his inamorata to a matinee, together with an eighteen-carat gold ring. She revolted at the idea of accompanying him, and sent a note full of piquant raillery, which led her suitor to procure a carbine and a sword, with some apparatus, and to declare that he would not forge hymeneal chains upon any one.
4. So proceeding to an isolated spot, without comrades, he severed his jugular vein, and discharged the carbine into his abdomen. When inquiry was made, he was found dead, and the coroner sat on the debris and did his exact duty, though it was no couch of eider he occupied.
5. Had the misguided youth read Ovid less often, and given precedence to Hemans and Ingelow, his fate might have been different. True, he might have hung on a greasy gallows like a highwayman, in squalor, and been the sport of canines for aye; while now, disarmed by death, he lies in a splendid mausoleum, far from the wharves and haunts of men, and can’t accent his antepenults, and afford the greatest discrepancies extant in pronunciation.
1. Learned sages may reason, the
fluent may talk,
But they ne’er
can compute what we owe to the chalk.
From the embryo mind
of the infant of four,
To the graduate, wise
in collegiate lore;
From the old district
school-house to Harvard’s proud hall,
The chalk rules with
absolute sway over all.
2. Go, enter the school-room of primary
grade,
And see how conspicuous
the blackboard is made.
The teacher makes letters
and calls them by name,
And says to the children,
“Now all do the same;”
Mere infants you see,
scarcely able to walk,
But none are too feeble
to handle the chalk.
3. We visit the school of much higher
pretension,
The blackboard here
claims undivided attention;
The walls, dark as Erebus,
first greet the eye,
Before them bright misses
and lads we espy;
And the sound of the
crayon’s irregular tappings
Reminds us of spirits’
mysterious rappings.
4. One has pictured a vessel, with
streamers unfurled,
Another is making a
map of the world;
A third has a problem
in fractions to solve,
A fourth is explaining
how planets revolve;
While a young physiologist,
skilled in the art,
Is sketching the muscles,
the lungs, and the heart.
5. In the midst of this bustle the
school-master stands,
And, lo! he’s
a crayon in each of his hands;
And the chalk in his
hand has a magical power:
A teacher might reason
and talk by the hour,
But naught would avail
all his reason and talk—
The truth is made plain
by the use of the chalk.
6. And the teacher of music the blackboard
employs,
The chalk must be used
e’en in training the voice;
Be it rhythm or melody,
accent or force,
He always insists on
the regular course;
Declaring the secret
of musical skill
Is found in the blackboard,
the chalk, and the drill.
7. See the chalk in the hand of the
artist. Behold
What beauteous forms
as by magic unfold!
The store-house of Nature
he swiftly displays,
Till the dazzled beholder
is lost in the maze;
Designs without number
appear to the view,
And show what the chalk
and the blackboard can do.
8. O wise PESTALOZZI! we place on
thy brow
A coronet, bright and
unfading; for thou
A legacy rich hast bequeathed
unto men:
Our one feeble
talent by thee is made ten;
We prize thy rare gift,
but we never may know
How much to thy matchless
invention we owe.
9. O chalk! What a powerful
monarch thou art!
In this age of reform
how important thy part;
Those minds that are
swaying the world unrestrained
In childhood and youth
in thy empire were trained.
Of the wonderful power
of the press we may talk—
It never can vie with
the blackboard and chalk.
10. An engine so powerful, so mighty to
aid,
So simple in structure,
so readily made,
A helper so potent in
training the young—
’Tis meet that
thy praise by the muse should be sung;
For though sages may
reason, and orators talk,
They can ne’er
make their mark without blackboard and chalk.
* * * * *
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The latest and most perfect Fountain Pen ever made, and equal to any dipping pen. It will not soil fingers and pocket with ink, and can be filled without staining everything it touches. It will write until every drop of ink is exhausted, and no matter how often or seldom it is used it always responds at once. Made in two lengths, 5 inches and 5-1/2 inches.
BRANCH OFFICE, 8 SNOW HILL, LONDON, ENG. MANUFACTORY AND OFFICE, 235 GREENWICH ST., NEW YORK.
* * * * *
THE “OXFORD” TEACHERS’ BIBLES.
[Illustration: “THE GEM OF BIBLES.”]
Of which the actual sale exceeds THREE-QUARTERS OF MILLION COPIES. The additional matter that is contained in
Has been carefully Revised and Enlarged, from time to time, by Dr. STUBBS, Bishop of Chester; Dr. EDWIN PALMER, Archdeacon of Oxford; Dr. ANGUS, and other eminent Scholars. The Scientific Information was prepared under the supervision of Professors ROLLESTON, WESTWOOD, LAWSON, and EARLE—names of the highest authority in their several Departments.
There are six editions printed on the best rag-made printing paper, and five editions on the justly celebrated “Oxford” India paper, which are extremely thin and light.
These are bound in about eighty different styles, sizes, etc., at prices ranging from $1.25 to $16.00 each.
REV. C.H. SPURGEON says: “If you want to buy a New Bible, and want the VERY BEST, write for a list of the Oxford Bibles for Teachers.”
DR. PARKER says: “It is the most superb, complete, and useful edition of the Holy Scriptures in the English language I have ever seen.”
A descriptive list can be obtained through your bookseller, or direct from the publisher.
THOMAS NELSON & SONS,
OXFORD BIBLE WAREHOUSE,
42 Bleecker Street, New York
* * * * *
Writing Papers of all finest grades made in the world are to be found in Blair’s Keystone Packets—Climax, Paragon, and Good Luck. Send for Samples.
* * * * *
[Illustration: (BLAIR’S KEYSTONE STATIONERY)]
We were never in better shape to serve our friends
with HANDSOME AND
SALABLE GOODS.
WE CLAIM Some Reputation for Originality.
Our Competitors will Concede That.
WE CLAIM More Reputation for Good Quality of Our Goods.
All Dealers will Concede That.
WE CLAIM Most for an Absolute Guarantee on Every Article we Make.
This we Concede to be one of our Most Attractive Features—one
that is
Almost Unreasonable in its Reasonableness.
[Illustration: (BLAIR’S SIGNAL SERIES, USEFUL STATIONERY UNIFORM PRICE 5c EACH)]
Our SIGNAL SERIES is a new line from 40 varieties of staple stationery, and everything retails at 5 cents each. Ask your dealer for it. Send for illustrated list.
* * * * *
For sale by all dealers. Samples and Papers and Illustrated Circulars sent to any address on receipt of two 3-cent stamps.
J.C. BLAIR, Manufacturing Stationer, Huntingdon, Pa.
* * * * *
PHONOGRAPHY.
* * * * *
A BRIEF AND LEGIBLE SYSTEM OF SHORTHAND.
* * * * *
Those unacquainted with Phonography can not readily appreciate the ease with which it may be mastered, and the delight incidental to the unfolding of its principles. “Fascinating” is the word used in describing it by every one who has studied the art. The text-books have been so arranged and simplified that Self-instruction is a positive pleasure and recreation and has been successfully accomplished in thousands of instances.
TEACHERS should learn Phonography, not only that they may be possessed of the enormous advantage of being able to write five times as fast as by the ordinary method, but that they may be able to teach the art. Phonography is rapidly finding its way into the Public Schools, and the demand for teachers of the regular branches who can also teach Phonography is now far in advance of the supply.
THE MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. [200th Thousand.] By BENN PITMAN and JEROME B. HOWARD. This work is designed for self-instruction in the phonographic art and is the proper book for the beginner. It contains a complete exposition of the system, from its simplest principles to the Reporting Style, arranged in alternate and opposite pages of explanation and phonographic exercises. Every principle is copiously illustrated with engraved examples for reading, and exercises in the ordinary type for writing practice. A large number of pages of engraved reading matter are included in the book. Boards, 80c.; Extra cloth, $1.00.
For sale by all booksellers, or sent post-paid by us on receipt of price. Complete catalog of other aids to the study of Phonography, free.
* * * * *
THE PHONOGRAPHIC MAGAZINE. Edited by JEROME B. HOWARD. A twenty-four page monthly, each number of which contains eight pages (5-3/4 x 8-1/2 in.) of finely engraved Phonography, mostly in the brief Reporting Style, besides original and contributed articles of general phonographic interest. The MAGAZINE is a periodical complement to the series of text-books, and is the authentic organ of the Benn Pitman System of Phonography. Subscriptions may begin with any number. Specimen copy free. Price, per annum—invariably in advance—$1.50.
THE PHONOGRAPHIC INSTITUTE,
CINCINNATI, OHIO.
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WHITING PAPER COMPANY, OF
HOLYOKE, MASSACHUSETTS, ARE NOW
PUTTING UP THE FASHIONABLE
LINE OF “WHITING’S STANDARD”
WRITING PAPERS, IN NEAT BOXES,
WITH ENVELOPES. THE MOST
PERFECT PRODUCTION OF THE
PAPER-MAKER’S ART. CREAM AND AZURE,
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