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July 20, 1645 New Amsterdam (later New York City) January 24, 1689 Albany, New York Overseer of Rensselaerswyck "This lady was polite, quite well informed, and of good life and disposition." Dutch travel writer Jasper Dankaer...
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(2002 est. province pop. 851,000). The city of Van (estimated 2002 pop. 253,000), the capital of the province of Van, is located in eastern Turkey on the eastern shore of Lake Van; the population is now largely Kurdish. The city, with an a...
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Vanadium is a transition metal in Group 5 and Row 4 of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 23, an atomic mass of 50.9415, and a chemical symbol of V. Vanadium is a silvery white, ductile, malleable metal with a melting point of...
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fl. 1200s Italian merchants who made the first European attempt to reach Asia by sailing westward. In 1281 or 1291, more than two centuries before the historic first voyage of Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), the Genoese Vivaldi brothers ...
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White rapper Vanilla Ice burst on the music scene in 1990 with his hit single "Ice Ice Baby," a danceable tune with a bass line lifted from the David Bowie/Queen collaboration "Under Pressure." The single, from ...
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Vanillin Overview Vanillin is a white crystalline solid with a pleasant, sweet aroma, and a characteristic vanilla-like flavor. Chemically, it is the methyl ether of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, a ring compound that contains the carboxyl (-COOH) ...
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From her first assignments for Rolling Stone in the early 1970s to her defining images of celebrity found in Vanity Fair since 1983, Annie Liebovitz has changed the way Americans see the twentieth century. Capturing both the glamorous and ...
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Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) was a leader of American science and engineering during and after World War II. He was instrumental in the development of the atomic bomb and the analogue computer, as well as an administrator of government scient...
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The Italian mining engineer and metallurgist Vannoccio Biringuccio (1480-1539) is famous for his important book, De la pirotechnica. Vannoccio Biringuccio was born in Siena, where he became embroiled in politics because of his friendship f...
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VANUATU RELIGIONS. Formerly known as the New Hebrides, Vanuatu is a Y-shaped archipelago of mostly volcanic islands located about sixteen hundred kilometers northeast of the Queensland coast of Australia. The physical, linguistic, and cult...
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Vaporization of a liquid or sublimation of a solid may occur over a wide range of temperature and pressure. Wet clothes will dry, and a pan of water will slowly evaporate to dryness. Below the freezing point, frozen clothes will dry and a ...
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BANARAS. The city of Banaras, also known in India as Vārāṇasī, is one of the most important and ancient of the sacred places of India. Such places are called tīrthas, "crossings" or "...
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Youth gangs have been part of the U.S. urban landscape for over 200 years. From the earliest mentions of gangs in the social commentaries of post-Revolutionary War America, gangs have been linked to the use and trafficking of illicit intox...
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A variable is something that varies among components of a set or population, such as the height of high school students. Two types of relationships between variables are direct and inverse variation. In general, direct variation suggests t...
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Variable stars are stars that have regular or semi-regular, periodically varying brightnesses, and they have been known since medieval times. One of the most famous is known as Algol, which is Arabic for "Demon Star." Its brightness varies...
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In 1696 Isaac Newton left Cambridge University to become Warden of the Mint. When he came home one afternoon, he learned of a problem set by Johann Bernoulli as a challenge to the "great mathematicians of the world." Since Newton and Gottf...
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Varicella zoster virus is a member of the alphaherpesvirus group and is the cause of both chickenpox (also known as varicella) and shingles (herpes zoster). The virus is surrounded by a covering, or envelope, that is made of lipid. As such...
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Varicose veins are dilated, tortuous, elongated superficial veins that are usually seen in the legs. Varicose veins, also called varicosities, are seen most often in the legs, although they can be found in other parts of the body. Most oft...
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Plant species maintain different levels of variation within and among populations, much of which is genetically determined. As such, variation in form below the taxonomic rank of species, called infraspecific variation, is widely recognize...
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A weekly trade newspaper focusing on theater and film, Variety has been a bible of the entertainment industry since the turn of the century. Founded in 1905 by Sime Silverman, a former vaudeville critic for a New York newspaper, Variety's ...
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(b. May 7, 1826; d. October 16, 1905) First Lady of the Confederate States of America. Varina Ann Howell, later Varina Ann Howell Davis, was born at the Briars, near Natchez, Mississippi, on May 7, 1826. Her parents, William Howell and M...
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Varisco, Bernardino(1850–1933) Bernardino Varisco, the Italian metaphysician, was born at Chiari (Brescia). It was only in the later part of his long life that he developed his philosophy, for he began as a teacher of science and his...
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Évariste Galois discovered mathematics as an adolescent and published his first original work at age 17. In his short life, Galois originated algebraic applications of finite groups, now known as Galois groups, and developed the fou...
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VARṆA AND JĀTI. The two separable but intertwined concepts of varṇa and jāti may be regarded as different levels of analysis of the Indian system of social structure called caste. While some scholars regard var&...
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Varnishes are coatings that are applied as liquids and dry to hard film finishes. They are used to protect wood, metal, and masonry from water, abrasion, and other damage. They consist of a resin, either natural or synthetic, and a drying ...
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Varona Y Pera, Enrique Jos n Panamericana, 1960), Ch. 5....
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VARUṆA replaced the earlier god Dyaus as the sky god in the Vedic pantheon, but early in his mythological career he became the god of the night sky; the myriad stars were his eyes and, still later, his spies. The importance of such ...
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The Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama (ca. 1460-1524) was the first to travel by sea from Portugal to India. The term "Da Gama epoch" is used to describe the era of European commercial and imperial expansion launched by his navigational e...
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The Spanish conquistador Vasco Núñez de Balboa (ca. 1475-1519) explored Central America and discovered the Pacific Ocean. He was the first Spanish explorer to gain a permanent foothold on the American mainland. Vasco Nú...
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The vascular system is composed of a complex network of tubular vessels allowing blood to circulate around the body. It consists of arteries (carrying oxygenated blood from heart), veins (carrying the deoxygenated blood from the tissues to...
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Vascular exchange refers to the movement of fluid and gas across the boundary between the blood and tissue (e.g., alveolar lung tissue) or between blood and interstitial fluid. The boundary of the exchange is the membrane of the network of...
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The Lycophyta, Equisetophyta, and Psilophyta are collectively referred to as the fern allies because, like the ferns (Pterophyta), they reproduce by single-celled spores released from sporangia (spore sacs). They do not produce flowers or ...
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All living cells require water and nutrients. If an organism is a single cell or if its body is only a few cells thick, water and nutrients are easily moved through the organism by diffusion. However, diffusion is generally too slow for ev...
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Vasculitis refers to a varied group of disorders which all share a common underlying problem of inflammation of a blood vessel or blood vessels. The inflammation may affect any size blood vessel, anywhere in the body. It may affect either ...
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Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov Died in 1668 Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov was born in the Russian town of Kashin, north of Moscow. His parents were serfs, members of Russia 46. In the early spring the cossack and his men headed up the frozen Ulya ...
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Vasodilators are medicines that act directly on muscles in blood vessel walls to make blood vessels widen (dilate). Vasodilators are used to treat high blood pressure (hypertension). By widening the arteries, these drugs allow blood to flo...
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Diuresis, or the elimination of water, salt and other solutes as well as several metabolites in the form of urine by the kidneys, is the main process of blood or arterial pressure control. This long-term regulation process acts in two ways...
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Vasquez, Gabriel(1549–1604) Gabriel Vasquez, the neo-Scholastic theologian, was born at Villascuela del Haro, Spain, and died at Alcalá. Educated in the Jesuit houses of study in Spain, he taught moral philosophy at Ocañ...
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VASUBANDHU (fifth or fourth century CE) was an eminent Indian Buddhist teacher. Said to be a younger brother of the great Māhāyana teacher Asaṅga, Vasubandhu was first ordained in the Hīnayāna Sarvā...
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The Holy See (State of the Vatican City) Santa Sede (Stato della Cittá del Vaticano) CAPITAL: Vatican City FLAG: The flag consists of two vertical stripes, yellow at the hoist and white at the fly. On the white field, in yellow, are...
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When Pius IX decided to convoke an ecumenical council, his purpose, clarified by advice solicited from various bishops whom he regarded as trustworthy, was to complete the work of reacting against naturalism and rationalism. He had been pu...
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Sebastien Vauban (1633-1707) served as France's foremost military engineer under Louis the XIV. A man of humble birth, Vauban's acumen in planning military fortifications and his direction of sieges against France's enemies helped the regi...
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Vaudeville, a collection of disparate acts (comedians, jugglers, and dancers) marketed mainly to a family audience, emerged in the 1880s and quickly became a national industry controlled by a few businessmen, with chains of theaters extend...
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1952- New Zealand-American mathematician who received his Ph.D. in Switzerland in 1979. He taught mathematics at many prestigious universities, including the University of California at Los Angeles, the University of Pennsylvania, and the ...
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Vaulting refers to the space created by an arched ceiling. Just as a horse vaults across a barricade, arched roofs literally vault across enclosed spaces and were devised to span far more area than could a simple column and lintel structur...
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Vaz Ferreira, Carlos(1872 n a Vaz Ferreira (Montevideo: Barreiro y Ramos, 1961)....
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Parents are faced with the challenge of what they let their children watch on television. Many parents are faced with this challenge because there is inappropriate content in certain movies or shows. Although there are many inappropriate ...
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The Vienna Definition Language (VDL) is a language for defining programming languages. Specifically, VDL uses operational semantics to create a formal definition of a language. In operational semantics, programs are modeled using an abstra...
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Gene therapy involves the introduction of a gene into cells in order to reverse a functional defect in the host genome (the set of genes present in an organism). The use of viruses quickly became an attractive possibility once the possibil...
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Three of the four fundamental forces play a significant role in the interactions of elementary particles. A common feature that electromagnetism, the strong force, and the weak force share is that the gauge particles that mediate these for...
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