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During the age of exploration in the seventeenth century, the Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius formulated the legal principle that the ocean was free (Mare liberum), which became the basis of the law of the sea. During the eighteenth century, e...
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The International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals is published by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Part of UNEP's three-pronged Earth-watch program, the register is an international inventory of chemicals tha...
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Drug use by employees and workers has become an important issue for American business. Employers of all types (large and small businesses, nonprofit organizations, government, and so on) are concerned about illegal drug use because it has ...
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Associations are groups of people who have organized themselves on the basis of common activities or who pursue similar interests. In the People's Republic of China (PRC), there are four different types of associations: state contro...
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INFOTERRA has its international headquarters in Kenya and is a global information network operated by the Earth-watch program of the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). Under INFOTERRA, participating nations designate institutions...
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The war between Ethiopia and Eritrea—two of the poorest countries in the world—began in 1998. Eritrea was once part of the Ethiopian empire, but it was colonized by Italy from 1869 to 1941. Following Italy's defeat in World Wa...
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The World Bank is an internationally funded development lender, a specialized agency of the United Nations. The Bank was a product of the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference, at which the imminently victorious allies—notably the United St...
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Because of widespread public and political concern over drug-related crime, there has been an urgent need to understand the drugs-crime relationship. However, despite numerous studies on this topic, only recently have significant empirical...
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The UN system is often referred to as a "family" of organizations. The charter of the UN, signed in San Francisco on 26 June 1945, defined six main organs of the new world body, each with specific tasks and functions. However...
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The involvement of the United Nations (U.N.) in the conflict between East Timor and Indonesia, which invaded and annexed East Timor after East Timor became independent from Portugal in 1975, has taken different forms and been of varying d...
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Throughout World War II, the United Service Organizations (USO) provided entertainment for enlisted servicemen and women in the United States during their off-duty hours and entertained American troops overseas and in hospitals through its...
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In the 1991 wake of the Soviet Union's collapse, Ukraine emerged as one of 15 newly sovereign states. Aside from a brief period at the end of World War I and the Russian Revolution, Ukraine had not been an independently governed nation si...
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What are the American values? What do they value in life?
The first thing that came to mind when considering the above question was the American dream of being rich. Then I reconsidered and thought about the ideals of having a perfect fami...
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The United States Army Corps of Engineers, headquartered in Washington, D.C., is the world's largest engineering organization. The Corps was founded on June 16, 1775, the eve of the Battle of Bunker Hill, as the Continental Army fou...
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The use of atomic bombs on Hiroshima (August 6, 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9, 1945) created the atomic age. A legacy of World War II, nuclear energy was seen both as a threat that might destroy the world and as a new source of energy to ad...
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One of the conditions set by the several states for ratifying the Constitution was the inclusion of a bill of rights. Many people feared that a stronger central government might take away basic rights of the people that had been guaranteed...
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The effective management of U.S. borders has become a priority for the U.S. government, as it attempts both to control illegal immigration and to prevent the importation of illegal narcotics. Though most of the focus has been placed on the...
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The U. S. Bureau of Reclamation was established in 1902 and is part of the U. S. Department of the Interior. It is primarily responsible for the planning and development of dams, power plants, and water transfer projects, such as Grand C...
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MATHEMATICS AND COMPUTER SCIENCE Viewpoint: Yes, statistical sampling offers a more accurate method—at much lower cost—for determining population than does physical enumeration. Viewpoint: No, the Supreme Court ruled that sta...
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By successfully automating the calculation of the 1890 United States census with an electro-mechanical punch-card device, inventor Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) laid the foundation for the next century's explosion of information-pro...
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The U.S. Census Bureau has a long history in the United States of America. The Census Bureau collects data about the people and economy of the United States every ten years. The first census was taken in 1790 by U.S. marshals who were told...
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The passage of the Reconstruction Acts by the U.S. Congress in 1867 set in motion a remarkable experiment. Because this legislation (passed over the objections of President Andrew Johnson [1808–1875; served 1865–69] and many ...
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In America during 1981, many people were enthralled that they had just won their independence from the tyrannical British Government. So when these people earned their freedom, they had no idea what to do to create...
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A key element seen in the Declaration of Independence is propaganda. The Declaration of Independence, a document that seems to be a declaration for independence of an oppressed and maltreated people, is actually the greatest example of pro...
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The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) had its origin in the U.S. Patent Office, one of the first federal offices. In 1837, an employee of the Patent Office, Henry L. Ellsworth, began to distribute seeds to American farmers that he ha...
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United States 1903 The rise of labor unions after the U.S. Civil War led labor activists to seek government protection from business owners. In 1884 the federal government established the Bureau of Labor Statistics to gather data on labor...
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For most of its history, the United States has felt little concern for its energy needs. The country has had huge reserves of coal, petroleum, and natural gas. In addition, the United States had always been able to buy all the additional...
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The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) is the principal agency in this country devoted to protecting the health of Americans and to providing essential human services, especially for those who have difficulty helping themse...
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The American labor force grew rapidly from 1971 to 2003. U.S. Department of Labor statistics show that the number of workers in the American civilian noninstitutionalized labor force, or workers not in the army, school, jail, or mental hea...
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The U.S. Department of the Interior was founded by an Act of Congress on March 3, 1849. A wide variety of functions were assigned to the "Home Department" as it was called at the time, including administration of the Genera...
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Veterans' benefits played a vital role in the development of the nation and its institutions and contributed significantly to the welfare of many citizens. In addition to salary and enlistment bonuses paid to men fighting in America...
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In December 1970, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) was established as an independent agency. Reorganization Plan 3 of 1970 consolidated fifteen components from five agencies for the purpose of grouping all environmental regul...
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In 1838 Charles Wilkes (1798-1877), a United States Naval officer, set sail on an exploratory mission to the far reaches of the southern seas with six small and barely adequate ships, 82 officers, 342 sailors, and nine scientists and arti...
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The United States Fish & Wildlife Service based in Washington, D.C., is charged with conserving, protecting, and enhancing fish, wildlife, and their habitats for the benefit of the American people. As a division of the U.S. Depart...
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The Forest and Rangeland Renewable Resources Planning Act (RPA) was passed in response to the growing tension between the timber industry and environmentalists in the late 1960s and the early 1970s. These tensions can be traced to increa...
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Created to assess, monitor, and research biological resources in United States, the Biological Resources Division (BRD) of the United States Geological Survey (USGS) is the non-regulatory biological research component of the United State...
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United States 1932 A landmark in the development of American social insurance, the Wisconsin Unemployment Insurance Act of 1932 had roots in the social and political reform movements of the early twentieth century. Conceived and promoted ...
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With the American economy fully recovered from World War II (1939–45), business in the 1950s was booming. With a gross national product (also called the GNP; the sum of goods and services produced in the country) of $284.6 billion, ...
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On September 11, 2001, the United States suffered a major surprise attack when terrorists hijacked and crashed four passenger airliners into buildings in New York City, Arlington, Virginia (near Washington, DC), and in a field in Pennsylv...
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The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) is a private, non-profit, self-governing organization that is responsibility for advising the U.S. federal government, upon request and without fee, on questions of science and technology that affec...
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The United States' vaunted Dream Team—unquestionably the greatest collection of basketball talent ever assembled—rolled to a gold medal in the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona, Spain. Comprised of eleven National Basket...
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A national forest is forest land owned and administered by a national government. Mandates designating national forest ownership, administration and the distribution of benefits vary greatly around the world. Some nations (e.g. Canada) r...
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National lakeshores are part of a system of United States coastlines administered by the National Park Service and preserved for their scenic, recreational, and habitat resources. The national lakeshore system is an extension of the nati...
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The National Research Council (NRC) was organized by the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) in 1916 to connect the broad community of science and technology with the goals of the NAS, i.e., advancing the state of knowledge and advising t...
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The Office of Management and Budget (OMB), established in 1939 within the office of the President, determines both how much money will be spent by the federal government and what kinds of regulations will be adopted to implement all enviro...
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The United States Public Health Service is the health component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. It originated in 1798 with the organization of the Marine Hospital Service, out of concern for the health of the nation&#x...
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The Independence Standards Board (ISB) was established in May 1997 as a result of discussions between the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). The various securit...
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Space commerce exists in the early twenty-first century as a $100 billion industry. It consists primarily of firms providing commercial telecommunication and remote sensing services using satellites, as well as the manufacture and launch o...
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The following articles appear in this section: Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD);Center for Substance Abuse Prevention (CSAP);Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT);National Institute on Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIA...
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Global Surveillance It has repeatedly been written that "information is power." Throughout history, the fate of nations has repeatedly hinged on the quality and timeliness of intelligence gathering and analysis. During a mili...
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