The Iglesia ni Christo ("Church of Christ") was founded in the Philippines in 1913 by Felix Manalo (1886–1963). Manalo was raised a Roman Catholic but as a teenager was influenced by a secretive local spiritual sect, a...

The letters of the Christian bishop St. Ignatius of Antioch (died ca. 115) are an important source of knowledge about the early Church. Ignatius was overseer (bishop) of the Christians in Antioch in Syria during one of the persecutions tha...

1788-1859 Swiss civil engineer who demonstrated that a great ice sheet had once extended from the Central Alps across the Swiss plain to the Jura Mountains. He reasoned that alpine glaciers and large erratic boulders are remnants of this i...

The first rocks on Earth were igneous rocks. Igneous rocks are formed by the cooling and hardening of molten material called magma. The word igneous comes from the Latin word ignis, meaning fire. There are two types of igneous rocks: intru...

KNOWLEDGE AND IGNORANCE. A cognitive element is essential to most religions and probably to all, but exactly what constitutes religious knowledge is problematic. Strong belief, for example, may be subjectively indistinguishable from knowle...

Russian mathematician best known for his views on the relationship between religion and mathematics. An expert on algebraic geometry, Shaferevich created a stir when he advocated a variety of Neoplatonism. He argued that the independent di...

fl. 700s Chinese Buddhist Monk, Mathematician, and Astronomer I-Hsing is most known for his contributions to the development of a water clock with an escapement to control the speed and regularity of the clock's movements. This adva...

IJMĀʿ. The Arabic term ijmaʿ, which means "agreement" or "consensus," becomes in Islamic jurisprudence the designation for one of the four sources of law posited by classical Sunnī th...

IʿJĀZ is the concept of the "miraculousness of the Qurʾān." That the Qurʾān is the miracle of Muḥammad is an Islamic doctrine of the utmost importance because it is held to pro...

Formed in 1959 in St. Louis, Missouri, the partnership of Mississippi rhythm-and-blues musician Ike Turner and a young singer from Nutbush, Tennessee, named Annie Mae Bullock would result in one of popular music's most combustible s...

In his own time Ikkyu Sjun was more important as a Zen master than as a writer. Yet, the expression of who he was is concentrated so vividly in his writings, particularly in the retrospective verse collection Kyunshu (Crazy Cloud Anthology...

The Canzoniere by Francesco Petrarch Born in the Tuscan city of Arezzo in 1304, Francesco Petrarca (better known as Petrarch) was the son of an exiled Florentine notary. His early years were spent in Pisa, Tuscany, and in Avignon, and Carpe...

Intro The Iliad is basically a story of rages of Achilles and the War of Troy. Thanks to the techniques of the author, Homer, The Iliad is very colorful, romantic, and it makes the readers imagine the ancient Greeks and their times of wa...

Drug trafficking has become an increasingly growing problem in the world today; more people are buying, selling and using drugs. People think it is a fast and easy way to get money, not knowing all the risks. There are many risks when deali...

Illuminationism Illuminationism (also, Illuminationist philosophy) is the name given to a school of philosophy founded in the twelfth century by the innovative Persian philosopher, Shihāb al-Dīn Suhrawardī (d. 1191), w...

Illustration Credits American Academy of Orthodontics: Orthodontia; American Academy of Pedicatrics: Down Syndrome, Hospitalization, Hypertension, Jaundice, Pediatrician, Premature Birth, Safety; AP/Wide World: Maria Montessori; Archives of...

ILMARINEN. According to the list of pagan Finnic gods compiled in 1551 by Michael Agricola, who introduced the Reformation to Finland and established the Finnish literary language, Ilmarinen was the creator of both wind and calm weather an...

Ilya Prigogine was born in Moscow, Russia, in 1917. His father, Roman, was a chemical engineer and his mother, Julia had studied music at the conservatory in Moscow. Although Prigognine eventually elected to study chemistry, his highly phi...

Like real numbers, imaginary numbers are a subset of the set of all. Imaginary numbers are typically represented as either the constant i (in mathematics) or j (in engineering and the sciences), where i2 = -1 or sqrt(-1) = i. Like the real...

High-tech diagnostic imaging techniques are powerful medical tools that allow physicians to explore bodily structures and functions with a minimum of invasion to the patient. Advances in diagnostic technology allow physicians the ability t...

ʿIṢMAH. The Arabic term ʿiṣmah means "immunity" from sin or error. ʿIṣmah is discussed by the Sunnīs in relation to the Prophet Muḥammad and other prophets, and by the S...

ĪMĀN AND ISLĀM. Islām, a noun derived from the verb aslama ("to submit or surrender [to God]"), designates the act by which an individual recognizes his or her relationship to the divine and, at th...

Imelda Romualdez Marcos (born 1930) was one of the most influential leaders of the Philippines in the 1970s and early 1980s. She was the wife of President Ferdinand Marcos and a political power in her own right. She served as governor of M...

TRANSCENDENCE AND IMMANENCE. According to Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, second edition, unabridged, to transcend is to "ascend beyond, excel." The term is used of the "relation ...

Immigration has always been a contentious issue in the United States. Benjamin Franklin thought that an influx in German migration into the United States would flush out the predominately British culture at that time. Furthermore, a conti...