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Jewish law (halakhah) was the major integrative factor in Jewish life from early geonic times (eighth century) until the onset of the modern era. With Jewry's ever-increasing geographic dispersion and political incapacity, Jewish id...
About 70 pages (20,996 words) in 2 products

WINTER SOLSTICE SONGS. In Europe the celebration of the winter solstice, the longest night of the year, is a heritage that goes back to prehistoric times. The classical Greek and Latin authors, as well as the fathers of the church, attest ...
About 22 pages (6,611 words) in 2 products

Haldan Keffer Hartline was born on December 22, 1903, in Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, to Daniel Schollenberger Hartline and Harriet Franklin Hartline. He attended college at Lafayette College in Easton, Pennsylvania, graduating with a B.S. in...
About 12 pages (3,603 words) in 5 products

Interval of time required for one-half of the atomic nuclei of a radioactive sample to decay (change spontaneously into other nuclear species by emitting particles and energy), or the time required for the number of disintegrations per sec...
About 9 pages (2,572 words) in 5 products

In printing, a technique of breaking up an image into a series of dots to permit reproduction of the full tone range of a photograph or artwork. It is traditionally done by placing a glass screen printed with a tight grid of lines over the...
About 6 pages (1,739 words) in 2 products

Although the term is of recent origin as used in connection with alcohol or drug treatment, the basic idea of the halfway house is almost two hundred years old. It designates a residential facility that provides a drug-free environment for...
About 3 pages (816 words) in 3 products

Halides are defined as binary compounds containing a halogen. Because halogens are highly electronegative, their atoms normally retain negative charge in these compounds. The magnitude of this negative charge depends on the difference in t...
About 4 pages (1,332 words) in 3 products

Bad breath, sometimes called halitosis, is an unpleasant odor of the breath. It is likely to be experienced by most adults at least occasionally. Bad breath, either real or imagined, can have a significant impact on a person's social and p...
About 14 pages (4,144 words) in 2 products

Comprised of singer Daryl Hall and guitarist/vocalist John Oates, the middle-of-the-road, Philadelphia-based pop duo Hall and Oates rose to fame in the mid-1970s with emotive ballads like "Sarah Smile" and "She'...
About 20 pages (5,860 words) in 2 products

Hallie Flanagan (1890-1969) was a director, playwright, and educator who headed the Federal Theater Project, America's first national, federally-funded theater organization, from 1935 to 1939. Born in South Dakota on August 27, 1890, and r...
About 10 pages (2,909 words) in 3 products

The Hallmark Hall of Fame specials are among the high points of each television season. The dramas, usually movie-length, bring to the viewers fine actors in quality adaptations of recent Broadway shows or older classic plays, as well as s...
About 4 pages (1,244 words) in 2 products

holiday, October 31, now observed largely as a secular celebration. As the eve of All Saints' Day, it is a religious holiday among some Christians. Halloween had its origins in the festival of Samhain among the Celts of ancient Britain and...
About 645 pages (193,536 words) in 3 products

Perception of objects, sounds, or sensations having no demonstrable reality, usually arising from a disorder of the nervous system or in response to certain drugs (&see; hallucinogen). Hallucinations are in many ways similar to dreams: the...
About 10 pages (2,980 words) in 3 products

in art, radiant circle or disk surrounding the head of a holy person, a representation of spiritual character through the symbolism of light. In Hellenistic and Roman art the sun-god Helios and Roman emperors often appear with a crown of r...
About 36 pages (10,909 words) in 3 products

Trademark for any of several organic compounds containing fluorine (fluorocarbons) and sometimes chlorine (chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs). Nonflammable, nontoxic, and noncorrosive, they have low boiling points, which makes them useful as re...
About 36 pages (10,840 words) in 11 products

Any of five nonmetallic elements—fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine—with similar chemical properties. They occur in the second rightmost column of the periodic table as usually arranged. All are highly reactive o...
About 11 pages (3,135 words) in 2 products

Located in northeastern Vietnam 160 kilometers east of Hanoi and 55 kilometers northeast of Haiphong, Ha Long Bay is a 1,500 square kilometer area of water that stretches from the northern Gulf of Tonkin nearly to the Chinese border. In th...
About 8 pages (2,250 words) in 2 products

Halophytes (salt plants) are organisms that require elevated amounts of sodium up to or exceeding seawater strength (approximately 33 parts of sodium per thousand) for optimal growth. In contrast, most crops cease to produce with sodium at...
About 2 pages (681 words) in 2 products

Halston's (Roy Halston Frowick, 1932-1990) first fame was the simple and much-imitated pill-box hat Jacqueline Kennedy wore at the 1961 Presidential Inauguration. His success continued in the 1970s. Within the maelstrom of Paris fas...
About 3 pages (913 words) in 2 products

The halting problem is the prototypical example of an undecidable problem, or a well posed problem that requires a yes or no answer that is impossible to solve. It should be stressed that the class of undecidable problems are impossible to...
About 20 pages (6,063 words) in 2 products

In the mid-twentieth century, the hamburger emerged as a symbol of American democracy and prosperity. As fast food became dominant on the American landscape, the hamburger provided to millions of people an inexpensive serving of meat. To c...
About 3 pages (889 words) in 1 product

(2002 pop. 409,000). Hamadan (once called Ecbatana), an ancient city in western Iran, was the capital of Media; after the Persians overthrew their Median overlords, the city became the Persian royal summer residence. Alexander of Macedon c...
About 7 pages (2,055 words) in 2 products

City (pop., 2005 est.: 804,000), east-central North Korea. It was the commercial and administrative centre of North Korea during the Chos&obreve;n dynasty (1392–1910) and developed as a modern industrial city in the 1920s. During the...
About 3 pages (797 words) in 2 products

Hamid KarzaiPresident of the Afghan Transitional Authority (pronounced "HA-mehd CAHRZ-eye") "Having experienced the ravages of war for 23 years and having been taken hostage by a group of terrorists, we are once a...
About 28 pages (8,348 words) in 3 products

Hamilton Othanel Smith shared the 1978 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine with fellow biologists Werner Arber and Daniel Nathans for the set of linked discoveries that started off the boom in biotechnology. Because of these discoveries,...
About 11 pages (3,208 words) in 6 products

tragedy in five acts by William Shakespeare, written about 1599–1601 and published in a quarto edition in 1603 from an unauthorized text, with reference to an earlier play. The First Folio version was taken from a second quarto of 16...
About 3,512 pages (1,053,675 words) in 277 products

Hammurabi (reigned 1792-1750 B.C.) was a Babylonian king. One of the outstanding rulers of early antiquity, he is especially known as a lawgiver, the author of the code which bears his name. Nothing is known of the early life of Hammurabi....
About 8 pages (2,480 words) in 4 products

The Han are the majority people among China's fifty-six state-recognized nationalities, and comprise the people usually known worldwide as the Chinese. They are the most numerous of the world's nationalities, approaching 1.2 ...
About 8 pages (2,319 words) in 2 products

Prehistoric clothing in China was constructed from animal skins, furs, and the natural plant fibers hemp, wisteria, and ramie. Shell, bone, and stone ornaments have been discovered in caves and ancient tombs. Bone needles and awls have als...
About 9 pages (2,717 words) in 1 product

(206 &BC;–&AD; 220) Second great Chinese imperial dynasty. In contrast to the preceding Qin dynasty, the Han was a period of cultural flowering. One of the greatest of the early histories, the Shiji by Sima Qian, was composed, and th...
About 26 pages (7,642 words) in 2 products

Han Fei Tzu (ca. 280-233 BC) was a Chinese statesman and philosopher and one of the main formulators of Chinese Legalist philosophy. Elements of Chinese Legalist philosophy can be traced to the 7th century B.C., but it was Han Fei Tzu who ...
About 14 pages (4,210 words) in 5 products

The Han River flows about 514 kilometers through Seoul, capital of the Republic of Korea (South Korea), rising from a spring in Odae Mountain in Kangwon Province and emptying into the Yellow Sea. Several prehistoric human settlements have ...
About 4 pages (1,065 words) in 2 products

The Chinese writer Han Yü (768-824) is ranked high as a poet but, more importantly, is revered as a master of prose writing. His writing is characterized by a devotion to classicism both in form and in content. With the early death of...
About 6 pages (1,765 words) in 3 products

ḤANᾹBILAH (sg., Ḥanbālī) is the name used to denote the followers of Aḥmad ibn Ḥanbal, just as the names Shāfiʿīyah, Mālikīyah, and Ḥanafīyah...
About 47 pages (14,224 words) in 2 products

 
End part of the arm, consisting of the wrist joint, palm, thumb, and fingers. The hand has great mobility and flexibility to carry out precise movements. Bipedal locomotion in humans frees the hands for grasping and manipulation. The oppos...
About 13 pages (3,818 words) in 2 products

Hand-foot-mouth disease is an infection of young children in which characteristic fluid-filled blisters appear on the hands, feet, and inside the mouth. Coxsackie viruses belong to a family of viruses called Enteroviruses. These viruses li...
About 6 pages (1,885 words) in 3 products

small explosive, chemical, or gas bomb that is used at short range. The word grenade probably derived from the French word for pomegranate, because the bulbous shapes of early grenades resembled that fruit. Grenades came into use around t...
About 18 pages (5,375 words) in 2 products

device for shackling the hands, used by police on prisoners under arrest. Until modern times, handcuffs were of two kinds: (1) the figure 8, which confined the hands close together either in front of or behind the body, and (2) rings that...
About 7 pages (2,144 words) in 2 products

Handedness refers to the predilection of either the right or left hand as the dominant hand for the performance of tasks such as writing. A preference for the right or left hand is not restricted to humans. Handedness is evident in other m...
About 16 pages (4,754 words) in 3 products

Handheld Computers Handheld computers Business Week, 6 September 2004....
About 3 pages (741 words) in 1 product

An oppressive world, a world without freedom, without choice and without opinion. In the totalitarian regime that governs the society of Gilead, women are not worthy of anything - they don't even have an identity. Both the women and the me...
About 652 pages (195,511 words) in 60 products

Handshaking refers to the process by which two devices, typically modems, lay the groundwork to establish communications between them. Hardware handshaking uses voltage levels or pulses on the wires that connect the devices. Software hands...
About 3 pages (851 words) in 2 products

Seneca prophet Handsome Lake (ca. 1735-1815) played a major role in the revival of his own and other Iroquois League tribes. Handsome Lake, a great leader and prophet, played a major role in the revival of the Senecas and other tribes of t...
About 8 pages (2,362 words) in 3 products

The Hanford Engineering Works was conceived in June 1942 under the direction of Major General Leslie R. Groves, head of the famous Manhattan Project, to produce plutonium and other materials for use in the development of nuclear weapons....
About 15 pages (4,634 words) in 2 products

(d. 1477), Malay Melakan sultan. During Mansur Shah's reign (1459–1477), the sultanate of Melaka reached the zenith of its political, territorial, and religious influence in the Malay Archipelago. Mansur succeeded his father,...
About 2 pages (530 words) in 2 products

Hangul is a script used in writing Korean, a language of 72 million speakers. It is, like the Roman alphabet, an alphabetical writing, consisting of 24 basic alphabet letters, 14 for consonants and 10 for vowels. Unlike the Roman alphabet ...
About 28 pages (8,454 words) in 2 products

City (pop., 2003 est.: 2,059,800), capital of Zhejiang province, China. It lies at the head of Zhejiang Bay and is the southern terminus of the Grand Canal. Its buildings and gardens are renowned, and some of China's most famous monasterie...
About 11 pages (3,238 words) in 2 products

Henry Louis (Hank) Aaron (born 1934) was major league baseball's leading homerun hitter with a career total of 755 upon his retirement in 1976. He broke ground for the participation of African Americans in professional sports. Henry (Hank)...
About 28 pages (8,512 words) in 4 products

(born November 18, 1936, Detroit, Michigan, U.S.—died March 2, 2003, Los Angeles, California) American rhythm-and-blues singer and songwriter best remembered for songs that were frequently as scandalous as they were inventive, most n...
About 5 pages (1,418 words) in 2 products

(born Jan.1, 1911, New York, N.Y., U.S.—died Sept. 4, 1986, Beverly Hills, Calif.) U.S. baseball player. Greenberg began his professional career at first base with the Detroit Tigers in 1933. He twice helped the Tigers win the World ...
About 13 pages (3,826 words) in 2 products
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