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Branch of applied mathematics devised to analyze certain situations in which there is an interplay between parties that may have similar, opposed, or mixed interests. Game theory was originally developed by John von Neumann and Oscar Morge...
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the indigenous orchestra type of Java and Bali, consisting largely of several varieties of gongs and various sets of tuned metal instruments that are struck with mallets. The gongs are either suspended vertically or, as with the knobbed-ce...
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A gamete is a sexual reproductive cell such as a sperm or an egg that must fuse with another gamete to produce a zygote, and eventually, a new organism. Gametes are typically haploid (1N), containing only half the number of the chromosomes...
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Gametogenesis is the production of haploid sex cells (in humans, ovum and spermatozoa) that each carry one-half the genetic compliment of the parents from the germ cell line of each parent. The production of ovum is termed oogenesis and th...
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In certain plants, the sexual phase (or an individual representing the phase) in the alternation of generations. The alternate, nonsexual phase is the sporophyte. In the gametophyte phase, male and female organs (gametangia) develop and pr...
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GAMLIʾEL OF YAVNEH, also known as Gamliʾel II, was a Palestinian tanna, rabbi, patriarch (nasiʾ), and head of the academy at Yavneh in the late first and early second century. In contrast to contemporary authorities, w...
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A gamma function is the solution to a specific integral. It is useful for physical applications and has very little theoretical interest value for mathematicians. It is occasionally also related to the "error functions." Its simplest expre...
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Type of radioactivity in the most common form of which an unstable atomic nucleus dissipates energy by gamma emission, producing gamma rays. Gamma decay also includes two other processes, internal conversion and internal pair production. I...
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Gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclo-hexane Overview Gamma-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (GAM-uh one two three four five six HEK-sa-KLOR-oh-SYE-kloh-HEK-sane) exists in four isomeric forms. Isomers are two or more forms of a chemical compo...
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OFFICIAL NAMES: Gamma butyrolactone (GBL), dihydro-2(3H)-furanone, 4-butanolide, 2(3H)-furanone dihydro, tetrahydro-2-furanone, butyrolactone gamma, gamma hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), 1,4 butanediol (BD; tetramethylene glycol; SucolB), sodiu...
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After work, Patricia White went to a birthday party for her boss. While she was leaving, a colleague named Feal offered her a cup of "water" and the only thing she could remember after that was waking up naked in Feal's bed. Patricia Whit...
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Study of astronomical objects and phenomena that emit gamma rays. Gamma-ray telescopes are designed to observe high-energy astrophysical systems, including stellar coronas, white dwarf stars, neutron stars, black holes, supernova remnants,...
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SGAM PO PA (GAMPOPA). Sgam po pa Bsod nams rin chen (Gampopa Sönam Rinchen, 1079–1153), also known as Dvags po lha rje, "the doctor from Dvags po," was the figure most responsible for systematizing the doctrines...
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fl. fourth century B.C. Chinese astronomer known for his star catalogue and his studies of sunspots. Along with Shih Shen and Wu Xien (Wu Hsien), Gan De was one of three scholars who independently developed a star catalogue that would, cen...
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Gandan lamasery, nestled in the modern city of Ulaanbatar, is the seat of Mongolian Buddhism and the largest monastery in the Mongolian People's Republic. Founded at nearly the same time as Ulaanbaatar, in the seventh century CE, Ga...
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elephant-headed Hindu god of beginnings, who is traditionally worshipped before any major enterprise and is the patron of intellectuals, bankers, scribes, and authors. He is also known as “Lord of the People” (gana means the co...
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Colors, Letters and Numbers. The three things that have been with us from infancy, to adolescence until now. No one ever thought that the symbols that were on our building blocks would symbolize what they do today. The movie Colors glorifie...
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the most powerful members of a radical political elite convicted for implementing the harsh policies directed by Chinese Communist Party (CCP) chairman Mao Zedong during the Cultural Revolution (1966–76). The group included Mao's thi...
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The Indus River dolphin (Platanista minor), known in Pakistan as the susu, is sometimes called the "blind dolphin" because its eyes lack lenses. This virtual blindness, scientists speculate, is due to the high silt content of...
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River, northern India and Bangladesh. Held sacred by followers of Hinduism, it is formed from five headstreams rising in Uttaranchal state. On its 1,560-mi (2,510-km) course, it flows southeast through the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh, B...
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Aggregate of nerve-cell bodies outside the central nervous system (CNS). The spinal ganglion contains the nerve-cell bodies of the nerve fibres that carry impulses toward the CNS (afferent neurons in dorsal root ganglia) or away from it (e...
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Localized soft-tissue death (necrosis) from prolonged blood-supply blockage. It can occur in atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, or decubitus ulcer, and after severe burns or frostbite. In dry gangrene, gradual blood-supply decrease turns ...
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Gangsta rap is the most controversial style of the rap music genre. It has achieved global prominence through its vivid sexist, misogynistic, and homophobic lyrics, as well as its violent depiction of urban ghetto life in America. Gangsta ...
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Town (pop., 2001: 29,354), capital of Sikkim state, northeastern India. At an elevation of 5,600 ft (1,700 m), it overlooks the Ranipool River. It was the governmental seat of the kingdom of Sikkim until the monarchy was abolished (1975) a...
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(2002 est. combined pop. 3.2 million). Kangwon Province, one of two provinces divided between North and South Korea, is located on the central eastern coast of the Korean Peninsula. Its combined area is 28,050 square kilometers, with 16,89...
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City (pop., 1997 est.: 291,900), western Azerbaijan. It lies along the Gäncä River. A town was founded nearby in the 5th century &AD;, was destroyed by earthquake in 1139, and was rebuilt on the present site. Taken by the Mongols...
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Province (pop., 2002 est.: 25,930,000), north-central China. It is bordered by Mongolia, the autonomous regions of Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, and Ningxia, and the provinces of Shaanxi, Sichuan, and Qinghai. It has an area of 141,500 sq mi (...
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(b. 1940), Chinese writer and Nobel Laureate. Gao Xinjiang, the first Chineselanguage writer awarded the Nobel Prize in literature, in 2000, was born in 1940 in Ganzhou, Jiangxi Province, China, and grew up in a family that encouraged his ...
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The Gap casual apparel stores have become a ubiquitous fixture in malls and urban shopping districts around the world. Their high-quality, classic designs have remained wardrobe staples for youthful customers, older shoppers, and their chi...
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GᾹṆAPATYAS are a sect of Hindus who regard Gaṇeśa (Ganapati) as their supreme object of devotion. They view Gaṇeśa, the elephant-faced son of Śiva and Parvati, as the form of ultimate realit...
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The study of garbage, through either archaeological excavation of landfills or analysis of fresh garbage, to determine what the composition of municipal solid waste says about the society that generated it. The term is associated with the ...
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Plot of ground where herbs, fruits, flowers, vegetables, or trees are cultivated. The earliest surviving detailed garden plan is Egyptian and dates from about 1400 &BC;; it shows tree-lined avenues and rectangular ponds. Mesopotamian garde...
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Laying out and tending of a garden. Though palatial gardens existed in ancient times, small home gardens became prevalent only in the 19th century. Gardening as a pastime grew with the increase in home ownership and leisure time. A well-de...
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Evans, Gareth(1946–1980) As an undergraduate from 1964 to 1967, Gareth Evans, a British philosopher of language and mind, studied for the PPE degree (philosophy, politics, and economics) at University College, Oxford, where his phil...
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GARIFUNA RELIGION. The Garifuna are an ethnic group numbering roughly 300,000 with communities in some 40 villages dotting the Caribbean coasts of Nicaragua, Honduras, Guatemala, and Belize. Their traditional ancestor-focused religion pres...
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The Garo are a tribal people of India, about half a million of whom live in the Garo Hills of Meghalaya, northeastern India. Others live in neighboring West Bengal, Assam, Nagaland, and Tripura. In Meghalaya they are the major Scheduled Tr...
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1911-1996 American algebraist and applied mathematician whose most important work is his theory of lattices, which influenced the development of quantum mechanics. Birkhoff believed strongly in applying mathematical concepts and had much s...
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Trained as a biologist (University of Chicago undergraduate degree; Ph.D. from Stanford in 1942 in microbial ecology) Garrett Hardin spent most of his career at the University of California at Santa Barbara, where his title was Professor o...
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Garrigou-Lagrange, RÉginald Marie(1877–1964) Réginald Marie Garrigou-Lagrange notably influenced the revival of Thomism in some European and American philosophical circles. He was born Gontran-Marie Garrigou-Lagrange at...
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Garrison Keillor (born 1942), host of public radio's popular A Prairie Home Companion and author of the best-selling Lake Wobegon Days, has made a career of telling stories about the fictional Minnesota town of Lake Wobegon and the lives o...
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"I was mediocre journalist, a mediocre musician, a mediocre actor, a mediocre athlete. I had to find something I could do well."1 A surprising beginning for a man who, on the night of January 28, 1979, had created the three toprated shows ...
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Garth Brooks, the best-selling recording artist of all time, symbolizes the evolution of "new wave" country music in the late twentieth century. Brooks was popular in the late 1980s and throughout the 1990s with a blend of co...
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Garve, Christian(1742–1798) Christian Garve, the German "popular philosopher," was born in Breslau. After studying at Frankfurt an der Oder, Halle, and Leipzig, he became extraordinary professor of philosophy at Leipzig...
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Gary Cooper (1901-1961) possessed a distinctive screen image that mirrored much that was worthy in the American character. By box office figures, Cooper was the most popular male film star of the 1930s, 1940s, and 1950s. Although he had gr...
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American computer engineer who, with Robert Benner and John Gustafson, made significant contributions to the field of parallel computer processing. Parallel processing is the practice of linking a number of small computers together to form...
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Gary Snyder was born in San Francisco, California. He has married three times, the first two marriages ending in divorce. In 1950 he married Alison Gass and was divorced in 1951; in 1960 he married Joanne Kyger and was divorced in 1964. Hi...
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One of the three fundamental states of matter, in which matter has no definite shape, is very fluid, and has a density about 0.1% that of liquids. Gas is very compressible but tends to expand indefinitely, and it fills any container...
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device for increasing the pressure of a gas by mechanically decreasing its volume. Air is the most frequently compressed gas but natural gas, oxygen, nitrogen, and other industrially important gases are also compressed. The three general t...
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Respiratory gaseous exchange occurs between the interior of an organism and the environment. In all animals with a vascular system, in which the blood transports respiratory gases, there is a twofold gaseous exchange within actively respir...
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The waste gases that escape from factories or power plants running on fossil fuels typically contain a variety of pollutants, including carbon monoxide, particulates, nitrogen oxides, and sulfur. The first of these pollutants, carbon mon...
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