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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What did Marrella and Yohoia still appear to be?
(a) Vertebrates.
(b) Unknown creatures.
(c) Crustaceans.
(d) Arthropods.

2. Who newly interpreted the Burgess animals in 1971?
(a) Professor Harry Whittington of Cambridge and his colleagues.
(b) Professor Matt Stephens and his wife.
(c) Dr. Whittington of Yale and her husband.
(d) Dr. John Whit and his colleagues.

3. Of Whittington's team, who was more methodologically conservative?
(a) Simeon Martin.
(b) Derek Briggs.
(c) Conway Morris.
(d) Whittington.

4. When was the boundary between the Paleozoic and Mesozoic eras?
(a) 20 thousand years ago.
(b) 355 million years ago.
(c) 225 million years ago.
(d) 225 thousand years ago.

5. What was Whittington's 1979 monograph written about?
(a) Dissecting Sanctocrabis.
(b) Monitoring Wiwaxia.
(c) Cataloging Marella splendens.
(d) Cataloging Opabinia.

6. What is so strange about Opabinia that paleontologists found it unbelievable?
(a) The structure.
(b) The function.
(c) The proboscis.
(d) The diagnosis.

7. What was Whittington's first monograph about?
(a) Splendens.
(b) Opabinia.
(c) Goroia.
(d) Marrella.

8. After publishing his first monograph, which two graduate students did Whittington employ?
(a) Simon Conway Morris and Derek Briggs.
(b) Briggs Morris and Simon Conway.
(c) Barry Moser and Simeon Martin.
(d) Jeremy Morris and Derek Briggs.

9. Who was America's "greatest paleontologist and scientific administrator"?
(a) Charlie VanGuarden.
(b) Charles Walmont.
(c) Dr. Doolittle.
(d) Charles Doolittle Walcott.

10. Who discovered Harry Whittington's analysis of fauna decades later?
(a) Des Collins.
(b) Sebastian.
(c) Walcott.
(d) Rutherford.

11. What comprises the first 4 billion years of Earth's history?
(a) The Cambrian Era.
(b) The Precambrian Era.
(c) The Mesozoic Era.
(d) The Prestige Era.

12. How does Gould begin Chapter 2: "A Background for the Burgess Shale"?
(a) Explaining which animals are in the Burgess Shale.
(b) Explaining how scientists divide up historical epochs.
(c) Explaining what the Burgess Shale represents.
(d) Explaining the last chapter's conclusion.

13. What does Gould determine about the difference between eukaryotic fauna and the Burgess fauna?
(a) The difference is vast.
(b) The difference is microscopic.
(c) The difference is close.
(d) The difference is minimalist.

14. How was Walcott's taxonomy significantly updated?
(a) Including new marrella and phyla.
(b) Including new genera and phyla.
(c) Including new manera and genera.
(d) Including new phyla and manera.

15. When did Whittington publish his first monograph?
(a) 1974.
(b) 1971.
(c) 1969.
(d) 1987.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who proposes to use the Burgess Shale to illustrate the nature of history?

2. What does Gould's new interpretation emphasize about human evolution?

3. What did the "death of the dinosaurs" boundary make possible?

4. Which fossils was Whittington an expert of?

5. What was Whittington armed with that helped him review the claim that Opabinia was an arthropod?

(see the answer keys)

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