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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. ______________ is said to have been Queen Omphale's servile lover, according to Stone.

2. ____________ worship is described throughout the Middle East in the period of time of 3000 BCE.

3. Various Hatti Goddesses survive the battle of the Hittites, and are known as the __________.

4. Who were the darker skinned Goddess worshiping people who were seen to be culturally superior?

5. Stone discovers that what she thought about sun/moon gods and earth/heaven symbolism is ____________.

Short Essay Questions

1. Why are Hebrew women supposed to be inferior to their neighbors, according to the Priest/archaeologist Roland de Vaux?

2. What do surviving documents seem to suggest about the writings of priestly scribes during the time of the battle ax warriors?

3. How did Middle East societies look at the Goddess in their ancient times?

4. Why does brother-sister marriage develop in Egyptian times, according to scholar Dr. Margaret Murray?

5. What are some of the freedoms women in classical Greece still get access to?

6. How does male dominance begin to creep into once female-ruled societies?

7. Who is the Goddess Hatti who is found in Hittite literature as being one of the most important figures?

8. How does the Goddess movement and belief system survive, even though the male deity movement continues to take hold?

9. What do love poems of Egyptian times have to say about the Egyptian woman's role in the courtship with a man?

10. What are the three types of evidence which seem to point out the existence of the Goddess in Upper Paleolithic times?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

According to Stone's research, women in ancient societies used to have more control and power.

Part 1: Why do you think women held more power in earlier times?

Part 2: Why was is beneficial for societies that women held more power and influence?

Part 3: Why do you think women are not as powerful in society anymore? Or are they? Support your answer.

Essay Topic 2

The connection between the male structures of society and war are prevalent through history and into the modern times.

Part 1: Why do you think men are traditionally linked with the ideas of aggression and war?

Part 2: Why aren't women seen as being more aggressive?

Part 3: Do you think there are any benefits to giving one gender the 'responsibility' of war and of aggression? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 3

The symbolism of birth and of giving life is one that is attributed to women and the Goddess figures.

Part 1: Why is the birth symbolism so important to earlier cultures?

Part 2: Why is the idea of a Great Mother so important to people throughout history?

Part 3: If the giving of life is so important, why aren't women given more power as the years go by, as opposed to less?

(see the answer keys)

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