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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who were unconvinced by the ideas of an infinite past and future?
(a) Lifshitz and Hawking.
(b) Penrose and Hawking.
(c) Popper and Newkowitz.
(d) Shalob and Khalatnikov.

2. Because of the curvature of space-time, how do paths appear to bend?
(a) As if moved by a field.
(b) As if moved by gravity.
(c) As if moved by magnets.
(d) As if moved by a plane.

3. How are galaxies distributed through space?
(a) Roughly diversely.
(b) Every two fathoms.
(c) Roughly uniformly.
(d) Neatly.

4. How many galaxies are there?
(a) Five million.
(b) Two trillion.
(c) One hundred thousand.
(d) Billions and billions.

5. What does general relativity combine time with space to form?
(a) Two-dimensional planes.
(b) Three-dimensional physics.
(c) Five-dimensional warp speed.
(d) Four-dimensional space-time.

Short Answer Questions

1. What did nineteenth century scientists believe space was pervaded by?

2. Who believed they could interpret General Relativity so time had an infinite past and an infinite future?

3. What does Hawking believe we should try to understand?

4. What human conceptions did Einstein's papers change?

5. Who developed quantum theory?

Short Essay Questions

1. What does the E = mc2 equation show?

2. What idea about the galaxies did Einstein never take seriously?

3. What is the no boundary condition, and what does it imply?

4. What did Penrose and Hawking's theory have to say about the universe's history?

5. Why does the theory of general relativity break down when discussing the Big Bang?

6. Describe the contradiction of relativity to Newton's law of gravity.

7. What is vacuum energy?

8. What paper did Einstein write with Grossman in 1913 and what happened in 1915 related to this same project?

9. How did the general relativity theory break down?

10. Why can't we coherently ask why the universe is the way it is?

(see the answer keys)

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