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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Because of the curvature of space-time, how do paths appear to bend?
(a) As if moved by gravity.
(b) As if moved by a plane.
(c) As if moved by a field.
(d) As if moved by magnets.

2. What do string theories most notably lack?
(a) Infinities.
(b) Proofs.
(c) Dimensions.
(d) Numbers.

3. What did one of Einstein's mathematical errors prevent Marcel and Einstein from doing?
(a) Formulating the appropriate equations.
(b) Colloborating on a second effort.
(c) Finishing the job in two weeks.
(d) Going to the SpaceTime conference of 1954.

4. What may be a law of nature?
(a) Condensation.
(b) Decompression.
(c) Inflation.
(d) Lifestyle.

5. When were strings regarded as insufficient?
(a) After 1985.
(b) After 1988.
(c) Before 1985.
(d) Before 1988.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did physicists respond to Hawking and Penrose's work?

2. How were people's views of space-time changed because of Einstein's work?

3. Who did Einstein encourage to begin nuclear research?

4. What did Einstein resist to admit that general relativity implied if all the stars died?

5. What was the twentieth century's other complete conceptual revolution?

Short Essay Questions

1. Why does the theory of general relativity break down when discussing the Big Bang?

2. What does it mean for stars to be red-shifted or blue-shifted?

3. Who worked on quantum mechanics in the 1920s, and what discovery was made?

4. Why do ground state fluctuations have serious effects on the quantum theory of gravity?

5. What is a p = 1 brane and a p = 2 brane?

6. What did Einstein do in 1905 that launched him to the top of the scientific community?

7. What is considered to be expanding in our universe, and why does Hawking think this is beneficial?

8. Describe imaginary time.

9. What is vacuum energy?

10. What changed about the way we view zero point fluctuations in the 1940s?

(see the answer keys)

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