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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Looting in the Safety Zone makes food so scarce that refugees are forced to eat all BUT WHICH of the following?

2. In "Six Weeks of Terror," what is the primary Japanese strategy for the invasion of Nanking?

3. In "The Fall of Nanking," how many divisions does the commander in charge of Nanking give authority to cross the Yangtze River?

4. Which Chinese city is known as "the Venice of China" and is completely devastated by the Japanese army?

5. In what year does the Meiji government of Japan send a naval fleet to Korea to force a commerce agreement?

Short Essay Questions

1. What are the responses of Japan and China when Nanking falls, as described by William Kirby in the Foreword?

2. In the Introduction, Chang states that various countries view World War II as having different start dates. To what can this disagreement be attributed?

3. In what way can we now think of Nanking as a different sort of turning point, according to Kirby?

4. According to Kirby, what haunts Chinese-Japanese relations today, and why?

5. Briefly describe the five methods of torture used by the Japanese soldiers in their attempt to exterminate the population of Nanking.

6. Describe the methods used by the Japanese army to subdue the larger Chinese population of Nanking, as described in "Six Weeks of Terror."

7. Describe the process by which new Japanese soldiers were desensitized.

8. In "Six Weeks of Horror," why do the Chinese civilians in Nanking initially believe that the Japanese occupation may not be so bad?

9. What factors contribute to the end of Japan's golden era of prosperity, as discussed in "The Path to Nanking"?

10. As the Japanese army begins mass executions in Nanking, what becomes their most pressing problem, and how do they resolve it?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

To what factors can the behavior of Chinese soldiers and officers be attributed during the abandonment of Nanking? What mentality explains the soldiers' disorganized efforts to leave the city, and their attempts to disguise themselves so as not be recognized as soldiers?

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the decision by the Chinese government to pull out of Nanking and the subsequent actions in the suburbs of the city. What reasons might the government have had for pulling out of Nanking? What steps did the government abandonment enable the Chinese military to take that they might not otherwise have been able to take?

Essay Topic 3

Compare and contrast the factors and events after the Rape of Nanking that allowed this event to be buried for so long. Include the perspectives of China, Japan, and the United States and the reasons each country may have had to ignore this tragedy.

(see the answer keys)

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