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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. In "The Fall of Nanking," Chang states that Nanking has been occupied by foreign armies how many times?

2. According to the Introduction, Africans believe World War II began in which year?

3. For how many years does the conflict between China and Japan last?

4. Toward the end of "The Nanking Safety Zone," Chang states that the Safety Zone holds about how many refugees?

5. In which year does a group of officers launch a coup d'etat in Tokyo that kills the Prime Minister?

Short Essay Questions

1. In what way can we now think of Nanking as a different sort of turning point, according to Kirby?

2. What reasons does Chang give in the Introduction as to why the Rape of Nanking is not as well known as the Holocaust or other tragic events?

3. Describe the broad time line and details of the Rape of Nanking as outlined in the Introduction.

4. Describe Matsui Iwane's reaction to the events in Nanking after he was once again well enough to take command of the soldiers.

5. Briefly describe the three different occupations of Nanking.

6. What factors contribute to the end of Japan's golden era of prosperity, as discussed in "The Path to Nanking"?

7. Describe the attitude of Lieutenant Colonel Hashimoto Kingoro about Japan's future in his book, quoted in "The Path to Nanking."

8. Describe how Tang Shunsan was able to survive his encounter with Japanese soldiers.

9. Briefly describe Robert Wilson's role in the Nanking Safety Zone.

10. According to Chang at the end of "The Nanking Safety Zone," what is chilling about the number of refugees in the Nanking Safety Zone?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The United States and other countries stepped in to put an end to Hitler's Holocaust, yet no such attempt was made to stop the atrocities in Nanking. In a well-developed essay, discuss the reasons why the world community largely stayed out of the events in Nanking, though reports of what was going on were widespread. In addition, discuss what responsibility the world has to intervene when incidents such as Nanking occur.

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the social and economic factors that enabled Japan to begin feeling as though it were the victim of an international conspiracy in the years prior to Japan's attempt to conquer China. How are the factors interlinked? Was there something to Japan's feeling that it was being picked on by the international community, or were they looking for an excuse to be upset with the rest of the world? Was the international community being fair or unfair toward Japan?

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the process by which Japanese soldiers learned to view the Chinese as less than human. At what point did this conditioning begin, and what cultural factors enabled it to be so successful?

(see the answer keys)

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