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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. "The __________ of inferior groups must be like __________ of superior groups..."

2. According to Lombroso, the genes of the past are contained in the hereditary of the individual and the ___________ surfaces at times.

3. Havelock Ellis was a scientist who claimed the superiority of __________ during this period.

4. Bolk felt what race was not only the most progressive, but also the most retarded?

5. E.D. Cope thought that _______ Europeans were inferior to others.

Short Essay Questions

1. Who was Sir Cyril Burt?

2. Define the idea of recapitulation.

3. What did Gould feel about Eysenck's arguments for black inferiority?

4. What did Binet do in order to fulfill the obligations of his commission in 1904?

5. What did Binet's study of intelligence begin to rely on as opposed to medical measures of intelligence?

6. Where did Alfred Binet first begin his study of human intelligence?

7. What do correlations not imply in regards to the studies in which they are used?

8. What did E.D. Cope believe affected the value of a person and the determination of their inferiority?

9. How were Burt's papers and data related to his studies destroyed?

10. What did Binet find when he went to various schools to test out Broca's theory of head measurement?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The concept of inferiority seems to be one early scientists were very eager to identify. In doing so, it seems, they could help society become stronger and more powerful.

Part 1: What seems to be the definition of inferiority as measured by the scientists in the studies Gould has shed light on?

Part 2: Why does inferiority need to be identified in any society? What are the benefits to this labeling?

Part 3: What are the negative effects of creating a group of people who are considered by scientists to be inferior to others?

Essay Topic 2

Recapitulation is an idea that seems to allow for the ranking of people from high to low. This idea is one of the many that sprang up in the nineteenth century, and Gould is quick to point out the main issues.

Part 1: How is recapitulation defined?

Part 2: What did this theory provide that other scientific theories did not?

Part 3: How were adults and children used in the scientific theory of recapitulation?

Essay Topic 3

Cyril Burt is distinguished in this book by having his own separate chapter in which he receives Gould's attention. This medical tester who studied twins seems to have created a theory based in improper studies and data collection.

Part 1: In relation to the errors of Cyril Burt, what is the definition of factor analysis?

Part 2: How did Burt use factor analysis incorrectly in his work?

Part 3: What are some of the other errors uncovered in Burt's studies of twins?

(see the answer keys)

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