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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which Socrates work is Gould discussing at the opening of this book?

2. Louis Pierre Gratiolet wanted to prove that __________ brains were bigger than __________ brains.

3. Black anatomical structure was often compared to that of a __________.

4. What did Galton measure in order to ascertain the intelligence of people?

5. Blumenbach believed differences in races might be linked to __________.

Short Essay Questions

1. What were some of the additional factors Gratiolet studied in order to determine the effect of brain size?

2. If given the races of Indian, Black, and White, how would these be ranked, according to the early craniometry methods?

3. Define the idea of polygenism.

4. Who was Francis Galton and what did he do for the scientific study of intelligence measurement?

5. How is biological determinism used in regards to the measurement of intelligence of people in society?

6. What are some of the arguments that have been used to justify the rankings of people in society?

7. What is the special designation that craniometry holds in relation to the study of ranking and intelligence?

8. Define the idea of monogenism.

9. What did David Hume believe about white men?

10. Who are two of the famous figures from history who are noted as believing in the inferiority of the blacks?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Havelock Ellis claimed that one group of people was superior to another, while Louis Bolk noticed differences among genders, depending on where they lived. These two scientists has revolutionary ideas for their time period.

Part 1: What group did Havelock Ellis feel was superior to others?

Part 2: What differences among genders, based on living situation, did Louis Bolk find?

Part 3: What were Bolk's feelings about the superiority of the white race? What did he have to say about whites as a race as a whole?

Essay Topic 2

The idea of testing children in schools is one that is a normal part of life today, but it can have many issues in its effectiveness and in its logic. Binet understood this, and yet still seems to have created more problems in terms of studying intelligence in children.

Part 1: What are some of the problems that stemmed from Binet's test, related to the idea that intelligence is inevitable?

Part 2: What are some ways that heredity is confused within and between groups in relation to Binet's test?

Part 3: Many American psychologists did not follow Binet's rules for using his tests. What belief did this lead to?

Essay Topic 3

The idea that criminal behavior is hereditary is another idea that springs up during the introduction of evolution. The notion that criminal tendencies could spring up in the genes and then in the behaviors was widely accepted.

Part 1: Who was the main researcher of this idea of criminal behavior based on hereditary patterns?

Part 2: What were the weaknesses of this researcher's studies?

Part 3: What was the theory of atavism and what did it mean to society?

(see the answer keys)

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