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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Gould says the manner in which ___________ are formulated is also problematic to studies.

2. If inferiority is cultural, then it can be changed by __________ factors

3. Broca also thought that ________ should be denied the benefits of education due to smaller brains.

4. What kinds of weaknesses is Gould looking to find in the arguments of other scientists presented in this book?

5. The argument of _______________ is the basis for believing that measuring the intelligence of an individual allows a measure of worth or value to be attached.

Short Essay Questions

1. What does Gould want to study in relation to the science related to the arguments for biological determinism?

2. What were the results of Bean's work, as he found the differences between the races and the genders?

3. What were some of the additional factors Gratiolet studied in order to determine the effect of brain size?

4. Who was Serres, in relation to the polygenism movement? What did he study and find to be true?

5. Define the idea of polygenism.

6. What did Gould find to be the main problem with Paul Broca's work?

7. What does Gould want to define ranking as?

8. Define the idea of monogenism.

9. Why did Broca feel women should be denied the benefits of education?

10. In the opening of this book, Gould quotes Socrates as saying all people should be educated and that they will belong to whom in order for society to remain stable?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The idea that criminal behavior is hereditary is another idea that springs up during the introduction of evolution. The notion that criminal tendencies could spring up in the genes and then in the behaviors was widely accepted.

Part 1: Who was the main researcher of this idea of criminal behavior based on hereditary patterns?

Part 2: What were the weaknesses of this researcher's studies?

Part 3: What was the theory of atavism and what did it mean to society?

Essay Topic 2

The idea of evolution was one the impacted the study of intelligence and intelligence testing greatly in the nineteenth century. At the same time, this theory also became a way to support scientific studies, even when the designs were incorrect or flawed.

Part 1: Define the theory of evolution and name its creator.

Part 2: How does evolution impact the studies related to biological determinism?

Part 3: What are two scientific theories that resulted from the introduction of evolution to the discuss of intelligence?

Essay Topic 3

Havelock Ellis claimed that one group of people was superior to another, while Louis Bolk noticed differences among genders, depending on where they lived. These two scientists has revolutionary ideas for their time period.

Part 1: What group did Havelock Ellis feel was superior to others?

Part 2: What differences among genders, based on living situation, did Louis Bolk find?

Part 3: What were Bolk's feelings about the superiority of the white race? What did he have to say about whites as a race as a whole?

(see the answer keys)

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