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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which was the second-ranked race for the practitioners of racial ranking?

2. Gould goes on to say that science has not been constrained by _________.

3. What did Galton measure in order to ascertain the intelligence of people?

4. What other kind of testing, besides head measurement, can begin to measure the intelligence of a person?

5. According to Gould, Broca's studies were __________ by his choice of what to observe to provide that white brains were larger than black brains.

Short Essay Questions

1. What are the two groups Gould identifies within the idea of ranking blacks and other races?

2. If given the races of Indian, Black, and White, how would these be ranked, according to the early craniometry methods?

3. Describe and define the idea of biological determinism.

4. What are some of the arguments that have been used to justify the rankings of people in society?

5. What does Gould want to define ranking as?

6. What did Robert Bennett Bean study as an investigator into craniometry?

7. What are the two views that resulted in the study of racial inferiority?

8. What did Gould find to be the main problem with Paul Broca's work?

9. Who are two of the famous figures from history who are noted as believing in the inferiority of the blacks?

10. How is biological determinism used in regards to the measurement of intelligence of people in society?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Recapitulation is an idea that seems to allow for the ranking of people from high to low. This idea is one of the many that sprang up in the nineteenth century, and Gould is quick to point out the main issues.

Part 1: How is recapitulation defined?

Part 2: What did this theory provide that other scientific theories did not?

Part 3: How were adults and children used in the scientific theory of recapitulation?

Essay Topic 2

The idea of ranking people is the primary focus of this book. When we can rank people, we can classify them as more or less valuable to society, it seems.

Part 1: What are some of the other benefits of ranking people in this world?

Part 2: What are the disadvantages of ranking people in society?

Part 3: How are some ways we rank people already? Are there already systems of ranking present in this world? What are they? How do they work? Are they effective?

Essay Topic 3

The concept of inferiority seems to be one early scientists were very eager to identify. In doing so, it seems, they could help society become stronger and more powerful.

Part 1: What seems to be the definition of inferiority as measured by the scientists in the studies Gould has shed light on?

Part 2: Why does inferiority need to be identified in any society? What are the benefits to this labeling?

Part 3: What are the negative effects of creating a group of people who are considered by scientists to be inferior to others?

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