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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Blumenbach believed differences in races might be linked to __________.

2. Franklin P. Mall __________ and __________ Bean's work.

3. Gould wants to know if science added the ___________ data, or......

4. Each person is assigned a single ________ that determines his ranking on the scale.

5. Black anatomical structure was often compared to that of a __________.

Short Essay Questions

1. If given the races of Indian, Black, and White, how would these be ranked, according to the early craniometry methods?

2. What were the results of Bean's work, as he found the differences between the races and the genders?

3. Define the idea of monogenism.

4. What does Gunnar Myrdal have to say about the situation of ranking people in society?

5. Define the idea of polygenism.

6. What does Gould logically assume to be true in relation to the contents of the brain?

7. What did Blumenbach believe the anatomical structure differences between blacks and whites were the result of?

8. What does Gould want to study in relation to the science related to the arguments for biological determinism?

9. Who was Francis Galton and what did he do for the scientific study of intelligence measurement?

10. What are the two groups Gould identifies within the idea of ranking blacks and other races?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The condemnation of other races seems to be the target of many of the intelligence studies and their study parameters. Studies seem to have been created just to point out the inferiority of these races.

Part 1: Which races are singled out in this book as being less than intelligent?

Part 2: What are the reasons given for these races being less than intelligent? What is the 'proof' the scientists have to offer?

Part 3: Do you think it's possible for one race to be inferior to another? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 2

Monogenism and polygenism began the discussion that evolved into the idea of one kind of person being better than another kind of person. But that's where many of the troubles, Gould feels, also began.

Part 1: Define the idea of mongenism.

Part 2: Define the idea of polygenism.

Part 3: Which of these two ideas seems to be the most realistic? Why? Support your answer with information from the book.

Essay Topic 3

The concept of inferiority seems to be one early scientists were very eager to identify. In doing so, it seems, they could help society become stronger and more powerful.

Part 1: What seems to be the definition of inferiority as measured by the scientists in the studies Gould has shed light on?

Part 2: Why does inferiority need to be identified in any society? What are the benefits to this labeling?

Part 3: What are the negative effects of creating a group of people who are considered by scientists to be inferior to others?

(see the answer keys)

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