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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which Socrates work is Gould discussing at the opening of this book?

2. Leaders of the eighteenth and nineteenth century did not dispute __________.

3. Bean felt that the ______, or front part of the brain, was smaller in women than in men.

4. What kind of disease can cause the brain to diminish in size before death?

5. On what did Bean gather information?

Short Essay Questions

1. In the opening of this book, Gould quotes Socrates as saying all people should be educated and that they will belong to whom in order for society to remain stable?

2. If given the races of Indian, Black, and White, how would these be ranked, according to the early craniometry methods?

3. What is the special designation that craniometry holds in relation to the study of ranking and intelligence?

4. What does Gould have to say about science in relation to the facts it collects?

5. What are 2 of the four points Gould keeps in mind as he examines the studies of the researchers in this book?

6. What did Robert Bennett Bean study as an investigator into craniometry?

7. Why did Broca feel women should be denied the benefits of education?

8. What were the results of Bean's work, as he found the differences between the races and the genders?

9. What were Broca's numbers based upon, according to Gould's examination of his studies?

10. What did David Hume believe about white men?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Another researcher of brain size was Paul Broca. This professor of surgery used numbers which Gould is unsure were legitimate in order to show, one again, the inferiority of blacks.

Part 1: What does Gould think Broca did before doing his research that affected the results?

Part 2: What were Broca's numbers and results based on?

Part 3: In what way were Broca's studies biased?

Essay Topic 2

Recapitulation is an idea that seems to allow for the ranking of people from high to low. This idea is one of the many that sprang up in the nineteenth century, and Gould is quick to point out the main issues.

Part 1: How is recapitulation defined?

Part 2: What did this theory provide that other scientific theories did not?

Part 3: How were adults and children used in the scientific theory of recapitulation?

Essay Topic 3

The idea of ranking people is the primary focus of this book. When we can rank people, we can classify them as more or less valuable to society, it seems.

Part 1: What are some of the other benefits of ranking people in this world?

Part 2: What are the disadvantages of ranking people in society?

Part 3: How are some ways we rank people already? Are there already systems of ranking present in this world? What are they? How do they work? Are they effective?

(see the answer keys)

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