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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Which was the top-ranked race in practitioners of racial ranking?

2. On what did Bean gather information?

3. Bean compared the _______ of blacks and whites to prove his view of the inferiority of blacks.

4. Gould does not believe that ____________ change reflects changes in social concepts.

5. Science means looking for the ________ based on facts.

Short Essay Questions

1. What were Broca's numbers based upon, according to Gould's examination of his studies?

2. What are the two groups Gould identifies within the idea of ranking blacks and other races?

3. What does Gould logically assume to be true in relation to the contents of the brain?

4. Who was Serres, in relation to the polygenism movement? What did he study and find to be true?

5. What did David Hume believe about white men?

6. What is the special designation that craniometry holds in relation to the study of ranking and intelligence?

7. What did Gould find to be the main problem with Paul Broca's work?

8. What did Robert Bennett Bean study as an investigator into craniometry?

9. In the opening of this book, Gould quotes Socrates as saying all people should be educated and that they will belong to whom in order for society to remain stable?

10. What were the results of Bean's work, as he found the differences between the races and the genders?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Cyril Burt is distinguished in this book by having his own separate chapter in which he receives Gould's attention. This medical tester who studied twins seems to have created a theory based in improper studies and data collection.

Part 1: In relation to the errors of Cyril Burt, what is the definition of factor analysis?

Part 2: How did Burt use factor analysis incorrectly in his work?

Part 3: What are some of the other errors uncovered in Burt's studies of twins?

Essay Topic 2

The idea of ranking people is the primary focus of this book. When we can rank people, we can classify them as more or less valuable to society, it seems.

Part 1: What are some of the other benefits of ranking people in this world?

Part 2: What are the disadvantages of ranking people in society?

Part 3: How are some ways we rank people already? Are there already systems of ranking present in this world? What are they? How do they work? Are they effective?

Essay Topic 3

Recapitulation is an idea that seems to allow for the ranking of people from high to low. This idea is one of the many that sprang up in the nineteenth century, and Gould is quick to point out the main issues.

Part 1: How is recapitulation defined?

Part 2: What did this theory provide that other scientific theories did not?

Part 3: How were adults and children used in the scientific theory of recapitulation?

(see the answer keys)

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