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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. The craniometry argument is the first __________ argument that has been offered.

2. Who was the skull collector that had more than one thousand different skulls?

3. Gould wants to reexamine the existing __________ for craniometry and intelligence testing.

4. The answer to #55 was known as a _________ because he looked for small differences between species.

5. Motor functions are performed at the _________ of the brain.

Short Essay Questions

1. What did Gould find to be the main problem with Paul Broca's work?

2. Define the idea of polygenism.

3. What were the results of Bean's work, as he found the differences between the races and the genders?

4. Why did Broca feel women should be denied the benefits of education?

5. What did Blumenbach believe the anatomical structure differences between blacks and whites were the result of?

6. How is biological determinism used in regards to the measurement of intelligence of people in society?

7. What is Socrates' idea as to how classes and categories will be formed in relation to people in a society?

8. Define the idea of monogenism.

9. Who are two of the famous figures from history who are noted as believing in the inferiority of the blacks?

10. What did Robert Bennett Bean study as an investigator into craniometry?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

For many people, the idea of a scientific study is instantly perceived as being valid and useful to those who read it and understand it. But Gould seems to be attacking the scientific process, or at least, his book might be perceived in that manner.

Part 1: Why does Gould decide to attack the science behind the studies of ranking individuals according to intelligence?

Part 2: In what ways is science affected by those who utilize it for studying certain subjects? Better said, how do the researchers themselves affect the outcomes of their experiments?

Part 3: Do you think a scientific study can ever be completely free of bias? Why or why not?

Essay Topic 2

One of the popular craniometry scientists was Robert Bennett Bean. This Virginian physician again tried to find the differences between whites and blacks in order to prove the disparity of intelligence.

Part 1: What did Bean gather data on for his research study?

Part 2: What was Bean claiming as the results of his research? What were the differences between the two races?

Part 3: What were 2 of the 4 arguments Gould had again Bean's research?

Essay Topic 3

The idea that criminal behavior is hereditary is another idea that springs up during the introduction of evolution. The notion that criminal tendencies could spring up in the genes and then in the behaviors was widely accepted.

Part 1: Who was the main researcher of this idea of criminal behavior based on hereditary patterns?

Part 2: What were the weaknesses of this researcher's studies?

Part 3: What was the theory of atavism and what did it mean to society?

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