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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. The Civil War saw the end of the __________ industry in New England.

2. Whaling expeditions were often underwritten by agencies which were run by __________.

3. _________ believed that laws were tools used by judges to set guidelines but were not actual and definitive.

4. In April of 1864, an article was published in the __________ that made him rethink his exhaustion with the war.

5. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and Ralph Waldo Emerson worked together in order to found the ___________.

Short Essay Questions

1. What did the experiences Holmes had in the Civil War lead him to believe about the cause of violence?

2. What was in the essay that James read by a French philosopher which helped him to gain insight into two things?

3. What were the two events in Henry Sr.'s life which seem to have changed him and his actions?

4. What happened with the job that Wright had with the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac?

5. How did the Abolitionists view the Unionists during the period of the Civil War?

6. What did James think about the relationship between science and society?

7. Why did Charles Pierce decide he wanted to found the Metaphysical Club in 1872?

8. Why did many people fear the idea of mathematical laws, such as the Law of Errors?

9. What happened during the Battle of the Wilderness, according to historical records?

10. What are some examples of the ways that Ernest Holmes changed the tone of the Harvard Magazine as the editor?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

The question of slavery is often one that is treated on moral grounds these days as opposed to the grounds on which it was judged before slavery was abolished.

Part 1: Why do you think some people believed that slavery was okay?

Part 2: Do you think slavery was a necessary evil for society to have during that time?

Part 3: Why do you think that slavery is still allowed in certain parts of the world today?

Essay Topic 2

Pragmatism states that people are agents of their own destinies and was against systems but not individualistic.

Part 1: Do you believe that people are agents of their own destinies? Why or why not?

Part 2: Do you consider yourself a pragmatist? Why or why not?

Part 3: How does the study of pragmatism get God back into the human equation? Or doesn't it?

Essay Topic 3

The disagreement with the idea of creationism and evolution began early on in educational discourse.

Part 1: Why do you think people clung so tightly to the story of creation?

Part 2: In what ways might creationism and evolutionary theory work together?

Part 3: Do you side with evolutionary thinkers or creationism thinkers? Why?

(see the answer keys)

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