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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. William James was an extreme ________ like his father, but disagreed with many of his father's ideals.
(a) Protestant.
(b) Platonist.
(c) Scottish Baptist.
(d) Catholic.

2. The philosophy that began to emerge with the formation of the Metaphysical Club is known as_________.
(a) Pragmatism.
(b) Monogenism.
(c) Polygenism.
(d) Evolutionism.

3. The dominant political party during the time of the Civil War was ________.
(a) Whig Party.
(b) Republican Party.
(c) Independent Party
(d) Democratic Party.

4. John Dewey attended the University of Vermont and was a supporter of __________.
(a) Montpelier philosophy.
(b) Burlington philosophy.
(c) Conservative individualism.
(d) Pragmatism.

5. __________ created the method of least squares in order to find the true location of the object.
(a) Benjamin Pierce.
(b) Pierre Laplace.
(c) Carl Gauss.
(d) Adrien Legendre.

Short Answer Questions

1. ___________ published many newspaper columns and books through donations or self-publication.

2. _________ had more spindles of cotton than all of the eleven states of the South put together.

3. The Battle of the Wilderness was fought by generals Lee and ________.

4. _________ founded the Metaphysical Club in 1872 in Cambridge.

5. Henry Dana, Charles Sumner and Charles Adams wanted to use the governmental system to stop the spread of slavery. They were _________.

Short Essay Questions

1. Why did William Henry Sr. always feel that he was at a disadvantage in his life?

2. How did Benjamin Pierce view mathematics and its place within the scientific community?

3. What did Quetlet use the method of least squares for when he was doing his own research?

4. How did the Abolitionists view the Unionists during the period of the Civil War?

5. What happened with the job that Wright had with the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac?

6. What happened during the Battle of the Wilderness, according to historical records?

7. Why did many people fear the idea of mathematical laws, such as the Law of Errors?

8. What were the two events in Henry Sr.'s life which seem to have changed him and his actions?

9. Define Charles Darwin's idea of natural selection in conjunction with the theory of evolution.

10. What was based on a combination of the theory of probability and statistics?

(see the answer keys)

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