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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Before the war, Holmes considered _________ to be the center of intellectual thinking, like his father before him.
(a) New York.
(b) Jamestown.
(c) Philadelphia.
(d) Boston.

2. William James was an extreme ________ like his father, but disagreed with many of his father's ideals.
(a) Scottish Baptist.
(b) Catholic.
(c) Protestant.
(d) Platonist.

3. __________ states that since there is no unknown variable, the measurement is likely to be between the two extremes.
(a) The Law of Probability.
(b) The Law of Statistics.
(c) The Bell Curve Law.
(d) The Law of Errors.

4. _________ was a Vermont Transcendentalist born in 1859 and was close to being socialist in viewpoint.
(a) Archibald Dewey.
(b) Frederick Dewey.
(c) Lucina Dewey.
(d) John Dewey.

5. Agassiz wrote a letter to ________ stating that he had not found any real evidence of the Ice Age in South America.
(a) Alonzo Potter.
(b) Charles Darwin.
(c) William James.
(d) Benjamin Pierce.

Short Answer Questions

1. _________ graduated from the University of Vermont in 1858 and took the position of head of the philosophy department in 1867.

2. ____________ lobbied Congress to help create a National Academy of Science.

3. After several political battles the school was administered by _________.

4. ___________ felt that he was at a disadvantage because he had no formal education.

5. During the Civil War _________ spent ninety days with the Newport Artillery, but then spent the rest of the war studying medicine at Harvard.

Short Essay Questions

1. Why did many people fear the idea of mathematical laws, such as the Law of Errors?

2. What was based on a combination of the theory of probability and statistics?

3. What happened with the job that Wright had with the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac?

4. What happened during the Battle of the Wilderness, according to historical records?

5. What was Webster's argument in terms of the legal battle between the two Darmouths which arose?

6. What are some examples of the ways that Ernest Holmes changed the tone of the Harvard Magazine as the editor?

7. What were the two occupations between which William James kept having troubles making up his mind?

8. How did Dr. Samuel Cartwright help to integrate polygenism in the South?

9. How was is said that Swedenborn created his religion, later becoming a religious leader?

10. What were the two events in Henry Sr.'s life which seem to have changed him and his actions?

(see the answer keys)

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