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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. ________ took statistics from numbers to people and created social mechanics.
(a) Carl Gauss.
(b) Adrien Legendre.
(c) Benjamin Pierce.
(d) Pierre Laplace.

2. After Holmes returned to the army following the Battle of Fredericksburg, there was a new regiment created of black volunteers, the __________.
(a) 54th Massachusetts.
(b) 57th Massachusetts.
(c) 59th Massachusetts.
(d) 45th Massachusetts.

3. Before the war, Holmes considered _________ to be the center of intellectual thinking, like his father before him.
(a) Philadelphia.
(b) Boston.
(c) New York.
(d) Jamestown.

4. _________ was able to integrate polygenism into the South by linking it to Christianity.
(a) Josiah Nott.
(b) Samuel Cartwright.
(c) George Glidden.
(d) Louis Agassiz.

5. In September of 1876 __________ died of an overdose at the age of 46.
(a) Chauncy Wright.
(b) William James.
(c) Nicholas St. John Green.
(d) Charles Eliot.

Short Answer Questions

1. __________ talked the Belgian government into building an observatory and sending him to Paris to get training.

2. __________ states that since there is no unknown variable, the measurement is likely to be between the two extremes.

3. ___________ published many newspaper columns and books through donations or self-publication.

4. When the expedition to Brazil returned, _________ gave lectures about evidence of the Ice Age in Brazil.

5. Wright believed that ___________ is the difference between facts and values.

Short Essay Questions

1. What did James think about the relationship between science and society?

2. Why did many people fear the idea of mathematical laws, such as the Law of Errors?

3. Why was Boston the financial center for all cotton products in the mid 19th century?

4. How did Dr. Samuel Cartwright help to integrate polygenism in the South?

5. Why did Ernest Holmes join the army in the first place, according to the book?

6. Why did John Dewey eventually become interested in philosophy as the main direction of his work?

7. How did Benjamin Pierce view mathematics and its place within the scientific community?

8. What happened during the Battle of the Wilderness, according to historical records?

9. What business did the Civil War destroy, though it did not interfere with the textile industry in New England?

10. Why did William Henry Sr. always feel that he was at a disadvantage in his life?

(see the answer keys)

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