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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. _________ believed that laws were tools used by judges to set guidelines but were not actual and definitive.
(a) Chauncy Wright.
(b) William James.
(c) Nicholas St. John Green.
(d) Charles Eliot.

2. ____________ lobbied Congress to help create a National Academy of Science.
(a) Charles Pierce and Louis Agassiz.
(b) Benjamin Pierce and Louis Agassiz.
(c) Josiah Nott and Benjamin Pierce.
(d) Charles Darwin and Louis Agassiz.

3. __________ talked the Belgian government into building an observatory and sending him to Paris to get training.
(a) Adolph Quetlet.
(b) Joseph Fourier.
(c) Charles Pierce.
(d) Henry Thomas Buckle.

4. ___________was a protege of George Cuvier and Alexander von Humboldt.
(a) Henry James Jr.
(b) William James.
(c) Louis Agassiz.
(d) Samuel George Morton.

5. Holmes was wounded ______ times during the Civil War.
(a) Three.
(b) Four.
(c) One.
(d) Two.

Short Answer Questions

1. The method of least squares was used by Charles in his research for the Coast Survey which led to being considered one of the best ____________

2. Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr. and Ralph Waldo Emerson worked together in order to found the ___________.

3. __________ believed that results not logic created beliefs.

4. A land grant was received for the school that stipulated that it be run by __________.

5. Which person was not a member of the 'Septum'?

Short Essay Questions

1. What did the Civil War allow Congress to create as it became more active than any other time in history?

2. What were the two occupations between which William James kept having troubles making up his mind?

3. Define Charles Darwin's idea of natural selection in conjunction with the theory of evolution.

4. Why did Agassiz's second wife, Elizabeth Cabot Cary, open up a school in their home?

5. What did Quetlet use the method of least squares for when he was doing his own research?

6. What business did the Civil War destroy, though it did not interfere with the textile industry in New England?

7. How was is said that Swedenborn created his religion, later becoming a religious leader?

8. Why was Boston the financial center for all cotton products in the mid 19th century?

9. What was based on a combination of the theory of probability and statistics?

10. Why did many of the Civil War soldiers felt their friends and family were dying during the war?

(see the answer keys)

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