2. What was the Morse code comprised of?
(a) Symbols.
(b) Short pulses, called dots, and long pulses, called dashes.
(c) Letters.
(d) Numbers.

3. What was difficult for people to accept about telegraph communications?
(a) Why a physical message wasn't necessary.
(b) That people could understand the tapping sounds.
(c) That electricity was essential in sending the messages.
(d) That it wasn't a fraud.

4. What were the two essential elements of Shannon's simple communication model?
(a) Grid and network.
(b) Circuit and grid.
(c) Two relay switches.
(d) A transmitter and a receiver.

5. What type of lists did Babbage create about livestock, fabric, letter combinations in various languages and other facts?
(a) Random.
(b) Numeric.
(c) Alphabetical.
(d) Statistical.

6. The early telegraph had trouble functioning under what conditions?
(a) Overuse.
(b) Sunny skies.
(c) Migratory seasons.
(d) Fog and rain.

7. How did Bertrand Russell address conflicting results produced by the Principia Mathematica? the problem of these recursive paradoxes by simply making them against the rules of his formal system.
(a) He made them against the rules.
(b) He implemented exceptions into the system.
(c) He ignored them since they were infrequent.
(d) Russell altered the Principia Mathematica to adjust for conflicting results.

8. How did the drummers of Africa differentiate between similar words?
(a) The drummer added special emphasis.
(b) The drummer had to let those receiving the message figure out the right words.
(c) The drummer added short descriptive phrases.
(d) The main drummer was assisted by another drummer.

9. Eliminating noise in Shannon's model meant looking at language in terms of what factor?
(a) Randomness.
(b) Probability.
(c) Possibility.
(d) Frequency.

10. What was changing language at the time the first English dictionary was developed?
(a) International trade.
(b) Advanced education.
(c) Travel and conquest.
(d) Increased population.

11. What did a young mathematician named Kurt Gödel conclude about conflicting statements?
(a) There frequency represented only a .001 percent possibility of occurring.
(b) That Russell had made an error in basic structure of the Principia Mathematica.
(c) There were some statements that could neither be proved or disproved.
(d) That the Principia Mathematica was flawed and began his own work.

12. An alphabetical list did not take what element of the word into account at all, but mechanically placed it in a slot based on the order of the letters?
(a) Its importance.
(b) Its relevance.
(c) Its popularity.
(d) Its meaning.

13. Shannon proposed a solution for overcoming extra noise in his communication model that mimicked what early communicators?
(a) African drummers.
(b) Telegraph operators.
(c) Early telephone developers.
(d) The French telegraph inventors.

14. What were the interests of Charles Babbage, a brilliant Englishman who lived in the 19th century?
(a) Mathematics, engineering, cryptography, railroads, and industrial machinery.
(b) Philosophy and psychology.
(c) Prose and poetry.
(d) The history of discovery and travel.

15. Seventeenth numerical tables were set up so that what factor could be learned about each number?
(a) Pi.
(b) The square root.
(c) The logarithm.
(d) The base number.