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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. In what kind of test are bacteria "stained with crystal violet, treated with iodine, washed with alcohol, and then stained again with a contrasting dye" (298)?

2. When did the U.S. enter into World War I?

3. According to the author in Chapter 20, investigators today believe that in the United States, the 1918-1919 flu epidemic caused an excess death toll of about how many people?

4. When the 1918 flu infected Camp Grant in Illinois, in six days the hospital went from 610 occupied beds to how many occupied?

5. What was the approximate population of the United states in 1918-1919?

Short Essay Questions

1. Who was Joe Capps and what contribution did he have to the scientists fighting the virus?

2. What does "the grippe" refer to?

3. What were the informational aspects of the pandemic that that scientists sought to discover, according to the author in Chapter 22?

4. How did the Council of National Defense become involved in the Philadelphia outbreak?

5. What was the political landscape of Philadelphia in September of 1918?

6. Who was Colonel Charles Hagadorn and how did he die?

7. What were the results of Dr. W. R. Redden's serum trial?

8. Who was Wilmer Krusen and what decision did he make that was crucial to the spread of the virus?

9. What does the term "epidemiology" refer to?

10. How did William Henry Welch respond when he became infected with the flu?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss the impact of Wilmer Krusen's choices regarding the Liberty Loan Parade. What was Krusen warned of regarding the parade? How did he respond? What was the outcome of his decision?

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the use of masks as preventative measures for spreading the 1918 flu pandemic. When and where were these measures introduced? How effective were they? Were the measures implemented among the public?

Essay Topic 3

Describe and discuss the life and career of William Henry Welch. Why does the author regard Welch as an influential pioneer? What was Welch's role during the 1918 flu pandemic? For what is he most known?

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