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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Of what German mentor did William Henry Welch say he was "my ideal of a scientific man, accepting nothing upon authority, but putting every scientific theory to the severest test" (51)?
(a) Daniel Coit Gilman.
(b) Carl Ludwig.
(c) Samuel Tilden.
(d) Elias Canetti.

2. Who gave the word "'paradigm' wide usage by arguing that at any given point in time, a particular paradigm, a kind of perceived truth, dominates the thinking in any science" (24)?
(a) Thomas Kuhn.
(b) Samuel Tilden.
(c) Daniel Coit Gilman.
(d) Elias Canetti.

3. Where was Oswald Avery born?
(a) Montreal.
(b) New Paltz.
(c) Brooklyn.
(d) Portland.

4. Who was the keynote speaker at the launching celebration for the John Hopkins University?
(a) Carl Ludwig.
(b) William Budd.
(c) Samuel Tilden.
(d) Thomas H. Huxley.

5. Who in the 1500s declared that he would investigate nature "not by following that which those of old taught, but by our own observation of nature confirmed by ... experiment and by reasoning thereon" (27)?
(a) Hippocrates.
(b) Paracelsus.
(c) Dante.
(d) Gobel.

Short Answer Questions

1. What was tuberculosis called by laypeople?

2. How old did William Henry Welch turn in 1930?

3. What were the names of the Mayo brothers who were giants in the field of surgery?

4. When did Robert Koch discover the tubercle bacillus?

5. When did John Adams and his party pass the Sedition Act?

Short Essay Questions

1. What are the estimated death toll number from the 1918 flu pandemic?

2. Who was William Gorgas? What was his role in the war?

3. What were the conditions like at Camp Devens when the pandemic hit?

4. Who was Thomas H. Huxley?

5. How did the second wave of the 1918 flu differ from the first?

6. What was the most noteworthy aspect of those who were killed by the Spanish flu?

7. What does "antigen drift" refer to?

8. Why was the Postmaster General given special priviliges under the Sedition Act of 1918? What were they?

9. Who was Oswald Avery and what is he most known for?

10. What was the Sedition Act of 1918?

(see the answer keys)

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