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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Counting both sides, how many troops died in the U.S. Civil War in combat or from their wounds?
(a) 23,000.
(b) 634,000.
(c) 254,000.
(d) 185,000.

2. Where was anesthesia first demonstrated at a general hospital in 1846?
(a) Maine.
(b) Maryland.
(c) New York.
(d) Massachusetts.

3. Who founded the American Red Cross?
(a) Peyton Rous.
(b) Albert Sidney Burleson.
(c) William Jennings Bryan.
(d) Clara Barton.

4. When was the American Red Cross founded?
(a) 1888.
(b) 1881.
(c) 1876.
(d) 1919.

5. What were the four humours that were hypothesized by those who wrote the Hippocratic texts?
(a) Phlegm, urine, sweat, and blood.
(b) Heat, coolness, love, and fear.
(c) Blood, phlegm, bile, and black bile.
(d) Blood, bile, fever, and taste.

6. What was the most serious disease that threatened the construction of the Panama Canal?
(a) Yellow fever.
(b) Typhoid fever.
(c) Pneumonia.
(d) Malaria.

7. When did World War I begin?
(a) 1918.
(b) 1916.
(c) 1914.
(d) 1912.

8. With what university is the Henry Phipps Institute associated?
(a) Harvard University.
(b) New York University.
(c) The University of Pennsylvania.
(d) Princeton University.

9. When Woodrow Wilson took the presidency in 1912, he had won what percentage of the vote?
(a) 23%.
(b) 49%.
(c) 41%.
(d) 34%.

10. What is the lowest estimate of the death toll from the Spanish Flu, according to the author in the Prologue?
(a) 10 million.
(b) 12. million.
(c) 21 million.
(d) 6 million.

11. Who gave the word "'paradigm' wide usage by arguing that at any given point in time, a particular paradigm, a kind of perceived truth, dominates the thinking in any science" (24)?
(a) Elias Canetti.
(b) Daniel Coit Gilman.
(c) Samuel Tilden.
(d) Thomas Kuhn.

12. Who was the first scientist to formulate the modern germ theory?
(a) Samuel Tilden.
(b) Daniel Coit Gilman.
(c) Elias Canetti.
(d) Jacob Henle.

13. Roughly how many nurses were serving in the U.S. military by May of 1918?
(a) 10,000.
(b) 16,000.
(c) 23,000.
(d) 40,000.

14. When did Rudolf Virchow receive his medical degree?
(a) 1894.
(b) 1866.
(c) 1872.
(d) 1843.

15. When did Robert Koch discover the tubercle bacillus?
(a) 1890.
(b) 1855.
(c) 1895.
(d) 1882.

Short Answer Questions

1. How old was William Henry Welch when his mother died?

2. Where was Oswald Avery born?

3. Approximately when was Hippocrates born?

4. Who was William Henry Welch's assistant that went on to remake Harvard's medical school in the Hopkins's image?

5. When was the International Red Cross founded?

(see the answer keys)

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