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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who wrote the book Paradise Lost?

2. Between June 1 and August 1, 1918, how many British soldiers in France were hit hard enough by the 1918 flu that they could not report to duty?

3. Roughly how many nurses were serving in the U.S. military by May of 1918?

4. Counting both sides, how many troops died in the U.S. Civil War in combat or from their wounds?

5. Who was the first scientist to formulate the modern germ theory?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does pneumonia kill humans?

2. Who was William Gorgas? What was his role in the war?

3. Who was Daniel Coit Gilman?

4. Why does the author credit William Henry Welch as being the most influential scientist in the world?

5. Who was Galen and what were his accomplishments?

6. When was the American Red Cross founded? What was its mission?

7. What aspects of military operations made the 1918 flu more likely to spread?

8. Who was Oswald Avery and what is he most known for?

9. What are the estimated death toll number from the 1918 flu pandemic?

10. What does "antigen drift" refer to?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss the military's responses to the 1918 flu pandemic. When and where did the pandemic break out? How did it spread? In what ways was the military responsible for its spread?

Essay Topic 2

Describe and discuss the symptoms and effects of the 1918 flu. How quickly did one get sick from the disease? What were the first symptoms? How did the disease progress in the body? What organs were affected the most?

Essay Topic 3

Describe and discuss the life and career of William Henry Welch. Why does the author regard Welch as an influential pioneer? What was Welch's role during the 1918 flu pandemic? For what is he most known?

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