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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the author in Chapter 3, three theories stood as rivals to the germ theory. What did the first theory involve?

2. Roughly how many nurses were serving in the U.S. military by May of 1918?

3. What were the names of the Mayo brothers who were giants in the field of surgery?

4. When did John Adams and his party pass the Sedition Act?

5. Walter Reed, James Carroll, and Jesse Lazear are described by the author as three of the four doctors who defeated what disease?

Short Essay Questions

1. Why was the Postmaster General given special priviliges under the Sedition Act of 1918? What were they?

2. For what was Émile Roux most known?

3. What does "antigen drift" refer to?

4. What led to the founding of Johns Hopkins University?

5. Who was Simon Flexner? What were his greatest achievements?

6. Why does the author credit William Henry Welch as being the most influential scientist in the world?

7. What was the significant impact that the 1918 flu had on the human immune system?

8. How are the patients of Paul Lewis described in the Prologue? What were their primary symptoms?

9. Describe William Henry Welch's medical education.

10. What aspects of military operations made the 1918 flu more likely to spread?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss the career and death of Colonel Charles Hagadorn. Where was Colonel Charles Hagadorn stationed? What was his position? What decisions did he make that were important in relation to the pandemic? How did he die?

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the impact of Wilmer Krusen's choices regarding the Liberty Loan Parade. What was Krusen warned of regarding the parade? How did he respond? What was the outcome of his decision?

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the use of masks as preventative measures for spreading the 1918 flu pandemic. When and where were these measures introduced? How effective were they? Were the measures implemented among the public?

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